ABSTRACT During the First World War, Spain engaged in humanitarian activities, including caring for internees, to substantiate its neutrality. On the African front, Spain’s small Central African territory became a refuge for German troops as the French and British seized control of Cameroon. By bringing together voices from Germany, Britain, and Spain, as well as some Cameroonian perspectives, the article offers a fresh narrative about the transcontinental and transimperial experience of internment. The retreating German army collectively became the first European ‘refugees’ in Africa. This article surveys the multiple stages of their internment journey: the retreat from Cameroon into Spanish Guinea, internment on the island of Fernando Po and then in mainland Spain, and their eventual return to Germany or Cameroon, with some choosing to stay in Spain.Their experiences were transimperial not simply because they crossed imperial borders, but also because the infrastructure and conditions of internment conformed to a shared imperial ‘archive’ for the treatment of Europeans in captivity on African soil. The article also examines the lingering echoes of internment in the post-war period. By contributing to an overlooked case, this study aligns with broader efforts to globalise scholarship on the First World War, showcasing internment as a key example of the war’s global effects.

ABSTRACT Veganism has increased exponentially in the UK in recent years and whilst studies have attended to the redefinition of edibility and the adoption of new relationships with foodstuffs, one area that is noticeably absent from academic scholarship is the intersection with religion. Considering the influence that religion has on understandings of edibility, permissibility, and consumption, research gaps emerge pertaining to how religion and veganism come together to reshape the perceptions and categorizations of food types by vegans of faith. This article draws on a sociological study which recruited 12 Muslim vegans, 12 Jewish vegans, and 12 Christian vegans in the UK and conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews, diary methods, and virtual participant observation to gain a holistic understanding of the faith vegan experience. This article’s main finding is a dichotomous categorization of food types by faith vegans, with plant-based foods being seen as pure and animal-derived products being seen as polluting and inedible. Further, these understandings are intertwined with religious ethics, principles, and teachings in order to construct veganism as both God’s ideal diet and correct religious observance, whilst animal consumption is constructed as human greed, weakness, and a violation of what is perceived to be the ethical spirit of religion.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the extent to which different genotypes can explain changes in body mass following an 8-week running program, in a UK population. Participants were randomly assigned to either a training (n = 17) or control group (n = 21). Participants’ diets were not altered, only the exercise regime was manipulated to isolate effects. The exercise group completed a periodized running program consisting of 20–30 min, over an agreed route, three times per-week, whilst the control groups refrained from daily exercise. Participants were screened at the end of the study for 1,000 gene variants using a DNA test kit. Results demonstrated a significant reduction in body mass, within the exercise, compared to the control group (p = .002). This reduction in body mass varied significantly (p = .024) between individuals within the exercise group. Moreover, genetic analysis identified 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with this variation (r2 = .74; p < .001). These findings indicate that individuals with specific alleles are better predisposed to weight-management, compared to their counterparts, following an exercise program. This study helps to bridge the gap between population health and exercise science and can inform research in the application of genetics to help develop individually tailored health interventions.

As per the Nilson report, fraudulent activities targeting cards amounted to a loss of $32.34 billion globally in 2021, a 14 % increase from the previous year. Such practices can be combated by harnessing OpenAI’s powerful machine learning and automation capabilities. Such advanced technologies help financial companies avoid any potential fraud and protect their esteemed clients' interests. Through the adoption and utilization of such innovative technologies., financial institutions will be better placed to protect their customers and entities from financial losses. Digital fraudsters are skilful in identifying loopholes and have developed cunning techniques like phishing for unsuspecting victims and wittingly swindling money off them. They are also updated in using OpenAI to develop deceitful information to scam people. This has seen the emergence of names like WormGPT and FraudGPT, reliant on generative AI models used by tech corporations with fraud intents. As a result, fraud detection techniques have to evolve with time as fraudsters progressively devise new techniques that bypass old and rigid banking security protocols and learn how to convince unsuspecting individuals to dispatch their money to them.

ABSTRACT This paper reports the results of two studies into the prevalence of gambling advertisements exposed during five NHL and two NBA matches broadcast in Ontario, and the social media advertisements posted by ten Ontario-licensed gambling operators on X/Twitter between the 25th and the 29th of October 2023. The studies found a total of 4,119 gambling messages, consisting of 3,537 television-based gambling references and 582 X/Twitter advertisements. Just over half of the television-based references (50.4%) appeared on the playing surface, while references were visible for 21.7% of the entire duration of broadcasts. Despite this high volume of advertising, none of the references breached Ontario-based standards. The X/Twitter advertisements generated 5,687,087 views while featuring mostly males (78.5%) and individuals aged between 25 and 34 (50.5%). Just under half (48.5%) were identified as content marketing, which were found to be breaching advertising standards by concealing the fact that they were advertisements. The studies were observational, and caution should be taken when interpreting the findings against possible impact on behavior. Nonetheless, the findings highlight the need for the further development of standards to ensure the protection of audiences against a high volume of marketing that risks the possible normalization of gambling within sport.

ABSTRACT Socioecological models of bystander intervention suggest that a complex decision-making process is required for a prosocial bystander to intervene, starting with intrapersonal variables of cognition and personality. This study investigates how rape myth acceptance, personality, and just world beliefs impact the frequency of positive bystander intention. The study’s sample size consisted of 139 college students. Participants completed an online survey in which they read a vignette and indicated whether they would intervene as a bystander at 25 different instances throughout the vignette. Correlational analyses showed that agreeableness and openness were positively associated with prosocial bystander behavioral intention. A multiple regression analysis found only the belief that the world was a safe and good place was predictive of prosocial bystander behavioral intention. The results suggest that bystander intervention education programs should be revised to address just world beliefs.

ABSTRACT Here we present results of the last remaining three, unreported pollen and stratigraphic profiles from our previous investigations on Great Barrier Island from southern Kaitoke. The 14C and pollen data extend the island’s previous maximum pollen-vegetation date from c. 7000 cal. yr BP to close to the end of MIS 3 c. 30,000 cal. yr BP. The oldest 14C date (34,380-28,190 cal. yr BP) and the presence of secondary deposition fragments of Rotoehu Tephra in the basal brown sands and nearby dune deposits implies their formation between c. 30,000 and 45,000 yr BP. The basal sand deposits and palynology in Profile 1 indicate that the site was close to sea-level at the time. Subsequently, the sediments reflect the Last Glacial Coldest Period, characterised by increased Fuscospora pollen. Following the relative stability of the mid-Holocene high sea-level stand, alternations between drier and wetter (freshwater) conditions, with depositional hiatuses, are congruent with evidence for erratic sea-level falls causing blockage of coastal drainage and rear-dune flooding since c. 2,700 cal. yr BP; layers of preserved wood and in-situ stumps overlying firmer palaeosols were followed by fresh-water peats at two of the sites reported here and other, previously reported sites. Polynesian settlement and forest clearance occurs around the time of the 1314 ± 12 AD Kaharoa Tephra, consistent with the project’s previous reports, and with the timing from elsewhere in New Zealand.

A nonseparable wave-like integro-differential equation for the time evolution of the Wigner distribution function in phase space is educed from the corresponding separable kinetic equation. By employing the quantum hydrodynamical description, a non-local evolution wave equation is also derived by synthesizing the Hamilton‐Jacobi equation with that of continuity, which predicts the generation of nonlocal and quadrupole quantum phenomena in the propagation of the spatial probability density.

Sleep deprivation (SD) has negative effects on brain and body function. Sleep problems are prevalent in a variety of disorders, including neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. Thus, understanding the molecular consequences of SD is of fundamental importance in biology. In this study, we present the first simultaneous bulk and single-nuclear RNA sequencing characterization of the effects of SD in the male mouse frontal cortex. We show that SD predominantly affects glutamatergic neurons, specifically in layers 4 and 5, and produces isoform switching of over 1500 genes, particularly those involved in splicing and RNA binding. At both the global and cell-type specific level, SD has a large repressive effect on transcription, downregulating thousands of genes and transcripts. As a resource we provide extensive characterizations of cell-types, genes, transcripts, and pathways affected by SD. We also provide publicly available tutorials aimed at allowing readers adapt analyses performed in this study to their own datasets.

Comparative evaporation rate testing in a dark environment, commonly used to characterize a reduced vaporization enthalpy in interfacial solar evaporators, requires the assumption of equal energy input between cases. However, this assumption is not generally valid, leading to misleading characterization results. Interfacial evaporators yield larger evaporation rates in dark conditions due to enlarged liquid-vapor surface areas, resulting in increased evaporative cooling and larger environmental temperature differentials. Theoretical and experimental evidence is provided, which shows that these temperature differences invalidate the equal energy input assumption. The results indicate that differences in evaporation rates correspond to energy input variations, without requiring enthalpy to be reduced below theoretical values. These findings offer alternative explanations for previous claims of reduced vaporization enthalpy and contradict enthalpy-related conclusions drawn from differential scanning calorimetry. We conclude that postulating a reduced vaporization enthalpy using the dark environment method is inaccurate and that re-evaluation of vaporization enthalpy reduction is required.