Stegnography is a process to hide the secret message which we want to hide from the outside world in an another media file while the cryptography is another security process in which a data form is changed to another so that it can not be accessed directly. In the proposed system, maximum motion and high intensity between every consecutive frames is evaluated. The proposed system also uses Fibonacci series to evaluate the next pixel in which data is to be hidden. Data is hidden using DWT algorithm. The proposed system is tested on various inputs and results evaluated are compared with the existing system.

This paper aims to control the output voltage of a buck converter using a Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) on an AVR experimental setup. The controller has been implemented with SIMULINK followed by simulations in order to check its convergence and to compare SMC’s robustness to PID’s. We have shown that the designed SMC reaches convergence and is more robust than the classic PID controller. We also pointed out that the robustness of the SMC is widely variable from one noised parameter in the Buck converter model to another. Complementary work can be done to explain this variation of the robustness offered by the SMC.

The phenomena of shrinkage and swelling of clay soils depending on the water content are manifested by disorders affecting mainly individual houses, often not very rigid and superficially founded. The superficial foundations of infrastructures built on swelling soils are subjected to several stresses due to shrinkage and swelling phenomena. These stresses are the cause of damage to the frames in the form of cracks, or even lead to the partial or total breakage of the structure when it is built without special precautions. In order to control these induced stresses and to safeguard these infrastructures, it is necessary to control the breaking stress so that the dimensioned foundations do not cause the structure to break. The objective of this study is to develop a model to estimate the breaking stress thanks to the physical parameters of these soils. To achieve this, we performed several physical and mechanical tests on swelling soil samples taken from the study area, the results of which we used to use the established non-linear least squares method of swelling pressure prediction models. The models were based on test results from 24 soil samples. The tests were carried out in accordance with the French NF standards. This study has shown that the shear strength of a soil is a function of several physical parameters, mainly: pre-consolidation stress and plasticity index. We obtained the model qu=(2.9-1.181.IP). σ'p allowing us to predict the shear strength for the study area. This model is obtained with a regression coefficient precision r2 = 98.50%.

Throughout history, men always wanted to build structures that are each more impressive than the next, while rising higher in the air. In this process, men were not satisfied with making sure that these structures were beautiful, impressive and majestic, but that they could also be very useful, that they fulfilled a function, and that they were able to resist the various structural constraints that will be imposed on it, or that could be imposed on it. With this in mind, we thought of creating a structure that could both inspire this side of wonder and structural beauty, while being useful and resistant to the loads imposed on it. In this work, we are going to talk about a building suspended to its foundation, in the sense that the building does not rest directly on the ground, but is suspended nearly eight meters from the ground by each of the three columns which support the said building by a system of trusses. The structure is made of steel with reinforced concrete slabs, which gives it a significant advantage in terms of weight. Another advantage is that it reacts quite well to earthquakes, showing only very small deflections using the equivalent lateral force method. In this work we will focus on the stability of the members of the system that carries the building and the stability of the building in general.

There are many serious structural deficiencies and problems facing the heritage buildings in historic Jeddah today, which could threaten their sustainability and survival. An exact identification of a building deficiency necessitates knowledge and familiarity with the original structural design and construction technique of a building combined with an indulgent of methods of scientific exploration. This paper presents a brief description of structural deficiencies patterns and damages found in Jeddah's heritage buildings and their construction details. The followed qualitative approach, based on the intensive survey and direct observation through a close up visual inspection of slightly or severely damaged buildings, besides the ruined ones revealed that the common construction system at Jeddah's heritage buildings is multiple-leaf stone masonry loadbearing walls. There are numerous structural deficiencies patterns in these walls that led to their structural instability, in addition to the degradation of the structural condition of their shallow foundations and flat timber ceilings. Since the accurate cause of a building deficiency and the form of its appearance must be understood prior to a sensible remedy can be applied. This paper will discuss on the important causes that led to the deficiencies and damages in Jeddah's heritage buildings. Accordingly, appropriate conservation plans will be developed.

The connectivity indices are applied to measure the chemical characteristics of compound in Chemical Graph Theory. In this paper, we introduce the sum connectivity Zagreb-K-Banhatti index and product connectivity Zagreb-K-Banhatti index of a graph. We provide lower and upper bounds for the sum connectivity Zagreb-K-Banhatti index and product connectivity Zagreb-K-Banhatti index of a graph in terms of Zagreb and K-Banhatti indices.

Construction sector is developing every year due to use of new technologies and need of skilled labours to perform required designs. Hence, it is becoming more critical to ensure proper management of construction works to complete the project according to assigned objectives and specifications. The success of any construction work relies mainly on cost, time, and quality of work. Hence, proper management was done in order to ensure completion of projects according to expected and assigned budget. Nevertheless, projects in developing countries are yet suffering from potential overrun of cost due to multiple factors. There are multiple authors in literature that indicated the main problems faced by projects that prevents them from completing the project according to expected budget (Apolot et al, 2012), and (Memon et al, 2012). Hence, it became quite urgent to investigate reasons that lead to overrun of cost in construction works. Therefore, the major goal of this study is to investigate sources of cost overrun in construction projects in Egypt. The study will concentrate mainly on commercial projects due to the fact that most of these projects are extremely expensive and would require proper management to prevent any increase in its cost. The method of data collection is a questionnaire survey that included risk factors collected from previous literature. The expected outcome will be in the form of estimating reasons that lead to cost overrun, and impact of cost increase on performance of construction projects.

In a developing country like India urbanization and industrialization has accelerated real estate development which leds to scarcity of land. This started the construction of multistorey buildings on sloping ground. Buildings constructed on sloping ground are very irregular and unsymmetrical in vertical and horizontal plane as compared to the buildings on level ground. Also, these buildings on sloping ground require great attention for seismic analysis. The present work studies the behavior of flat slab buildings on sloping ground. For this, G+8 storey 36 different building models with square plan area on sloping ground are considered. The total plan area and mass of the building is kept constant for all models. The sloping angles 0°, 16°, 21° are considered for square plan. The corner and core columns of some models are replaced with shear wall by keeping the mass constant. The response spectrum analysis of all models is carried out using software Etabs17. The study concludes that flat slab building with shear wall at outer periphery of building is preferable than the discontinuous shear wall at core of the building.

Modern face biometric systems are susceptible to spoofing attacks and a secure face spoof detection system demands the capability to recognize whether a face is from a real person or a spoofed image that is created by an unauthenticated person. Inspired by the feature selection algorithm, characterization of printing artifacts, and differences in light reflection, we proposed to approach the problem of spoofing detection from a pattern analysis point of view. Indeed, face prints often contain printing quality faults that can be well detected using pattern features, the Speech up Robust Feature (SURF) descriptor. Hence, introduces a novel approach based on face pattern image analysis to find out if there is live in front of a camera or a printed face. The proposed approach analyzes the pattern and quality of the facial images using the SURF descriptor as a feature extraction algorithm. Compared to a lot of previous works, our proposed face spoofing detection approach is robust, computationally fast, and does not require user-cooperation. In addition, the feature optimization technique is used for the selection of a unique feature set from the ROI of face images. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier is used for the training of the proposed spoof detection system. It is seen that the designed hybrid system face spoof detection achieves high performance than the existing system and execution time is also well. The proposed method is assessed using the MATLAB simulator in computer vision and image processing toolbox. The experimental analysis on a publicly accessible database presented brilliant results compared to existing works by using the concept of feature optimization and artificial intelligence technique.

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