Abstract Clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ) is a medicinal spice rich in bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant and therapeutic activities, making it a promising candidate for anticancer applications. Leveraging these properties, we synthesized green silver nanoparticles loaded with S. aromaticum extract (AgNPs-SAE) to enhance its antitumor potential. This study evaluated the efficacy of SAE and AgNPs-SAE in Ehrlich solid tumor (EST)-bearing mice, compared with doxorubicin (DOX). Forty mice were divided into four groups ( n = 10): untreated EST control, SAE (500 mg/kg, orally), AgNPs-SAE (30 mg/kg, orally), and DOX (10 mg/kg, i. p., for 3 days). In vitro , SAE and AgNPs-SAE exhibited cytotoxicity against NBL and MCF7 cells, with higher potency observed for AgNPs-SAE. In vivo , both SAE and AgNPs-SAE significantly reduced tumor growth, with tumor volumes decreased, compared to the untreated group, and extended survival compared to the untreated and DOX-treated groups. Unlike DOX, which elevated hepatic and renal biomarkers in the mouse model, SAE and AgNPs-SAE preserved organ function. These findings indicate that, in this preclinical study, SAE and AgNPs-SAE exhibit promising antitumor efficacy with reduced hepatorenal toxicity compared to DOX, supporting further investigation in preclinical models. Mechanistic analyses indicated that SAE and AgNPs-SAE exerted antitumor effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting apoptotic cell death, and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, suggesting a multi-targeted mechanism of action. In conclusion, SAE and AgNPs-SAE demonstrate promising antitumor potential with fewer side effects than conventional chemotherapeutics like DOX. The enhanced efficacy of AgNPs-SAE underscores the advantage of combining phytochemicals with nanotechnology to develop safer and more effective cancer therapies.

Abstract Oxidation is a significant contributor to inflammatory responses. However, the association between antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory capacity of antioxidants is unclear. This study investigated the correlation between antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory capacity for six common standard antioxidants, namely myricetin, eriodictyol, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin, and quercetin. The abilities of these antioxidants to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals and the anti-inflammatory capacities of these antioxidants against proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and nitric oxide were examined using a cellular inflammation model. Multivariable regression analysis was employed to quantitatively assess the mathematical relationship between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. The results suggested that antioxidant capacity may serve as a preliminary indicator of anti-inflammatory capacity for TNF-α (adjusted R 2 = 0.999, p < 0.01), IL-6 (adjusted R 2 = 0.958, p < 0.05), and nitric oxide (adjusted R 2 = 0.955, p < 0.05). However, the anti-inflammatory capacity models varied with antioxidant capacity tests. Significant explanatory power was not demonstrated for the IL-1β model, suggesting limitations in predicting the anti-inflammatory capacity of certain mediators. Simple antioxidant capacity tests are promising for predicting complex anti-inflammatory capacity. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying inflammation and the efficacy of antioxidants in mitigating inflammation.

Abstract Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the chemical medications used to cure a variation of illnesses. Patients exposed to MTX have a inclusive variety of adversative effects, from minor to severe, on their immune system, liver, kidneys, lungs, and testicles. The current work investigated the oral administration of grape seed (GSE) and Aloe vera (ALG) extracts against MTX drug which is used as a fighting cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent. Rats (60) were divided equally into control, MTX, ALG, GSE, MTX + ALG, and MTX + GSE groups. After 3 weeks of treatments, several hematological and biochemical evaluations were performed on serum and liver, as well as testis, besides the immunity enzyme activities. Oral GSE administration with MTX drug enhanced some hematological parameters as (WBC 2.48 cells/μL), (MCH 21.18 pg), (MCHC 31.27 g/dL), (LYM 74.87 %), and (PCV 41.85 %). MTX + GSE group detected lower values in (ALT 40.9 IU/L), (AST 120.12 IU/L), (LDH 408.67 IU/L), (bilirubin 1.17 mg/dL), (cholesterol 80.76 mg/dL), and (albumin 3.46 g/L) compared to the MTX + ALG group. GSE and ALG in MTX + GSE and MTX + ALG groups lowered the MDA formation in liver tissues to 2.23 nmol/mg and 2.45 nmol/mg, respectively. MTX + GSE group preserved Follicle Stimulating Hormone levels (FSH) (16.02 mL U/mL) and testosterone (1.87 ng/mL) levels. GSE and ALG in MTX + GSE and MTX + ALG groups lowered the immunity enzyme activities Nrf2, NF-κB, and HO −1 to reach (0.25 ng/mL and 0.22 ng/mL), (0.59 % and 0.81 %), and (378.55 pg/mL and 201.11 pg/mL), respectively. The results showed that several medicinal plants are hepatoprotective, which means they can alleviate the negative effects of those chemical medications and eliminate their harmful effects.

Abstract Miconazole, a well-known antifungal drug, has recently gained attention for its potential anticancer properties, prompting efforts to enhance its therapeutic performance through innovative delivery systems. This study explores the repurposing of miconazole for anticancer applications using a green nanoemulsion delivery system. Olive oil was selected as a natural, biocompatible carrier to improve miconazole’s bioavailability and therapeutic targeting. The formulated miconazole-loaded nanoemulsion exhibited an average particle size of 177.76 ± 5.2 nm and a zeta potential of −24 ± 0.94 mV, indicating physical stability. The formulation showed potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC 50 = 1.4 ± 0.4 μg/ml), with apoptosis induction of 70.31 ± 2.1 %. Broader anticancer activity was observed against HePG2 (IC 50 = 10.7 ± 1.2 μg/ml) and HCT-116 (IC 50 = 5.9 ± 0.7 μg/ml). Molecular docking revealed favorable binding of miconazole to target proteins, resembling interactions of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole, thereby supporting its anticancer potential. The findings support the use of olive oil-based nanoemulsions as an effective platform for repurposing miconazole in cancer therapy. This delivery approach enhances drug solubility, cellular uptake, and anticancer efficacy, offering a promising strategy for targeted and cost-effective treatment development.

Abstract This study presents a new dopant-engineered nanotherapeutic approach by directly comparing the biological activities of yttrium-doped copper oxide (Y–CuO) and silver-doped zinc oxide (Ag–ZnO) nanoparticles produced through a controlled co-precipitation process. Extensive structural analyses (XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX) confirmed high crystallinity, purity, and nanoscale sizes (∼10–50 nm). Both nanoparticles showed strong, dose-dependent anticancer and induced apoptosis in human cancer cell lines (HEPG-2, CACO-2, and A549), but they displayed different dopant-specific effects: Y–CuO NPs were more active against hepatocellular carcinoma (IC 50 = 79 μg/mL) and effectively inhibited inflammatory enzymes COX-2 (IC 50 = 4.73 μg/mL) and 5-LOX (IC 50 = 7.28 μg/mL), whereas Ag–ZnO NPs were more cytotoxic toward colon and lung cancers through ROS-driven mitochondrial apoptosis. Incorporating yttrium increased oxygen vacancies and defect density, encouraging cuproptosis-like apoptosis, while silver doping boosted ROS-mediated oxidative damage, revealing a dopant-dependent mechanistic difference. Both nanoparticles significantly increased Caspase-3 levels and decreased BCL-2 levels, confirming the involvement of mitochondrial apoptosis. Overall, these findings demonstrate, for the first time, that rare-earth versus noble-metal doping specifically regulates the balance between oxidative cytotoxicity and inflammation suppression, positioning Y–CuO NPs as a dual-action, redox-regulated nanotherapeutic and Ag–ZnO NPs as a ROS-driven cytotoxic agent. This discovery offers a transformative framework for designing dopant-controlled, multifunctional metal oxide nanomedicines for inflammation-related cancers.

Abstract The Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 column, combining hydrophilic interaction (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) mechanisms, enables efficient separation of diverse analytes. This study examined its separation performance and mixed-mode retention behavior using both polar (e.g., nucleobases, nucleosides, water-soluble vitamins), and nonpolar compounds (e.g., alkylbenzenes, PAHs, Sudan dyes, substituted phenols, aniline derivatives, plant growth hormones, chlorinated herbicides). Mobile phase composition was tailored to analyte polarity: high acetonitrile for HILIC and high water content for RPLC. Detailed optimization for nucleobase and nucleoside separation was conducted by varying pH, buffer concentration, solvent ratio, temperature, and flow rate under HILIC conditions. Polar analytes showed increased retention with higher acetonitrile, while nonpolar ones retained strongly in aqueous-rich conditions. The column demonstrated excellent selectivity tuning by mobile phase adjustment and provided sharp, symmetrical peaks across all analyte groups. Under optimized conditions, resolution and peak quality were high. Comparative analysis with literature confirmed that this column’s performance is on par with or superior to existing systems. The results affirm the column’s versatility in handling a broad analyte spectrum and elucidate the dual-mode retention mechanism it employs, offering valuable insights for complex mixture analyses.

Abstract Bone fractures remain a significant clinical challenge, with current treatments often facing limitations. This study investigated the potential of ulvan-mediated biogenic selenium nanoparticles (Ulvan-SeNPs) to enhance bone fracture healing through osteoinductive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant mechanisms. A standardized mid-diaphyseal femoral fracture was induced in a rat model. Rats were orally administered Ulvan, Na 2 SeO 3 , or Ulvan-SeNPs. Fracture healing was assessed using radiographic, biochemical (inflammatory markers: NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, CRP; antioxidant enzymes; bone turnover markers: ALP, osteocalcin, CTX-II), and histological analyses (PCNA, TGF-β expression, tissue organization). Radiographic data indicated superior healing in the Ulvan-SeNPs group, characterized by near-complete fracture line obliteration, substantial callus development, and significant remodeling. Biochemically, the Ulvan-SeNPs group exhibited a significant decrease in inflammatory indicators and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and bone turnover markers. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses further supported these findings, revealing significant PCNA and TGF-β expression, minimal fibrous tissue, well-organized new trabecular bone, and robust endochondral ossification in the Ulvan-SeNPs group. These findings demonstrate that the Ulvan-SeNPs conjugate significantly promote bone regeneration by stimulating cellular proliferation and osteogenesis, enhancing antioxidant defence, and modulating inflammatory responses. This suggests Ulvan-SeNPs as a promising therapeutic agent for bone fracture repair.

Abstract The principal aim of this study was to detect potential pharmacologically active compounds in Moringa oleifera , which have shown promise as therapeutic agents against diabetes mellitus. Phytochemical structures obtained from verified PubChem database, andfurther analysed through molecular docking, ADMET prediction, modelling, and MMPBSA free energy calculations, with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) receptor protein target derived from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). This study screened 42 phytochemical compounds from M. oleifera for their binding affinity towards the catalytic site of the PPAR-γ protein. In a screening study, two specific molecules, epicatechin and genistein, exhibited remarkable binding affinity towards the catalytic site of the PPAR-γ protein. The bonding interfaces were noted to be superior to rosiglitazone,an economically available PPAR-γ agonist. Results from a comprehensive investigation showed that the bound ligands recognised collaborations with conserved protein zones through hydrogen bonding, polar contacts, and hydrophobic interactions. Specifically, molecular dynamics simulations and MM-PBSA free energy results (−22.28 ± 1.12 and −20.77 ± 0.55 kcal/mol, respectively) indicate that epicatechin and genistein exhibit good interactions with the PPAR-γ receptor. The phytochemicals identified in this researchdemonstrate their potential to effectively target this therapeutic target and establish a complex hydrogen bond network within the binding pocket. Particularly, the hydrogen binding route detected in the epicatechin and genisteinagentswas found to be more favourable and extensive when compared to the PPAR-γ agonists. This analytical approach specificallyaimed to recognise the best-performing phytochemicals from M. oleifera . This is to advance recent formulation of anti-diabetic medication, primarily for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. The results obtained revealed that the natural additives, epicatechin and genistein, can modulate PPAR-γ activitywith improved efficacy. These natural materials are more prospective and attractive for further explorationas potential therapeutic agents targeting this receptor.

Abstract Nowadays, there is a huge challenge linked to multi drugs resistant issue; therefore, researchers are seeking alternatives to antibiotics, such as plants essential oils and extracts. Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) a pathogenic bacterium, which is associated with several chronic illnesses. Therefore, the ongoing research aimed to examine the chemical profile and biological activity (Quorum sensing inhibition and Antivirulence efficacy) of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EgEO) in inhibiting S. aureus survival. EgEO were chemically identified by FTIR and GC-MS assessments. The antibacterial effect of EgEO against the virulent strains was assessed utilizing the disk diffusion method. Eucalyptol (45.20 %) and o-Cymene (25.42 %) were the principal constituents of the studied EgEO. The EgEO is particularly active against the S. aureus strains; with inhibition zones around (50.33 ± 0.57 mm). EgEO is notably able to prevent QS by blocking violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (CECT 494), and further reducing the EPS production by 95.40 ± 0.14 %, and biofilm formation by 96.58 ± 0.95 %. Likewise, slime production was affected by EgEO. ADMET of EgEO identified phytocompounds are further confirmed as interesting candidates for additional research and evolution of novel antimicrobial agents. Besides, molecular docking revealed excellent interaction of the detected chemical compounds, targeting some known enzymes involved in QS activities. These findings highlighted the possible employ of EgEO against the pathogenic S. aureus , and block infection promoting factors regulated by QS mechanism.

Abstract Neurological complications of diabetes require investigation of botanical therapeutic alternatives for management. This study investigated the protective effects of methanolic extract from Brassica oleracea var . italica (broccoli) florets (MEBr) against metabolic dysfunction and neuroendocrine oxidative stress in a cafeteria diet-induced T2DM rodent model. The therapeutic efficacy of MEBr was evaluated through biochemical parameters including blood glucose, lipid profiles, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels in hypothalamic-pituitary tissues. Male Wistar rats underwent random assignment to four experimental cohorts ( n = 12): Control, Control + MEBr, cafeteria diet (CAF), and CAF + MEBr. Groups receiving MEBr treatment were administered 200 mg/kg orally during the concluding 6 weeks of the 6-month protocol. Cafeteria feeding effectively established diabetic phenotype through elevated glycemia, abnormal lipid profiles, and glucose intolerance development. MEBr supplementation significantly attenuated cafeteria diet-induced weight gain, normalized glycemic control, and restored lipid profiles. Notably, MEBr protected the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis by reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses. Phytochemical analysis identified gallic acid, rutin, and syringic acid as major bioactive compounds contributing to the observed effects. These findings suggest that MEBr offers multifaceted protection against T2DM complications through modulation of oxidative stress and metabolic pathways.