Hummingbirds of the species Selasphorous platycercus and Selasphorous rufus were studied in Colorado, where they displayed territorial behaviour at feeders containing 10%, 20%, and 30% sucrose solutions. At each of the three energy availability levels, the number of invaders, the number of territory owners, and the level of Defence were recorded. After being forced out of their breeding area by Rufous Hummingbirds, Broad-tailed Hummingbirds only bother to defend locations of inferior quality. Both Wide-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds, while keeping tabs on important locations, resort to more flamboyant modes of behaviour, such as extended pursuits augmented with chip cries and aimless wing flapping. According to certain probes, a chase is ready to start if chip calls and hovering are any indication. However, I learned that when an intruder was present, it was only natural to want to get rid of them. Hovering and chip calls were utilised to increase the intensity of the chase. Broad-tailed Hummingbirds were less likely than Rufous Hummingbirds to make chip sounds or hover without giving pursuit.

This study examines the use of Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) in animal management systems in zoos with an emphasis on how well it enhances animal wellbeing. The goals of the study were comparing ABA-based approaches to conventional zoo management techniques and evaluating the effect of ABA on stress reduction in captive chimpanzees. Over the course of a year, information was gathered from a chosen group of chimpanzees, including baseline and post-ABA stress levels. Following the use of ABA techniques, the data from Table 1 show a consistent trend among the chimpanzees, suggesting a considerable reduction in stress levels. Strong evidence for the effectiveness of ABA in lowering stress levels in the chimpanzees was given by statistical analysis of the data (Table 2). With a high t-statistic of 8.25, the mean baseline stress level of 7.7 substantially decreased to 3.5 post-ABA treatments (p 0.05), emphasizing the significance of this reduction. With regard to reducing stress, Objective 2 compared ABA-Based and Traditional groups. Compared to the Traditional group, the ABA-Based method had a reduced baseline stress level, according to the findings in Table 3. The ABA-Based group showed a significant reduction in stress levels following ABA sessions, while the Traditional group also showed a reduction in stress levels, albeit to a lesser extent. Both strategies significantly reduced stress, according to statistical analysis (Table 4), with the ABA-Based strategy having a greater degree of statistical significance (p 0.05). This study concludes by offering empirical proof that Applied Behaviour Analysis is a useful method for enhancing animal wellbeing in the context of zoo management. The findings imply that when compared to conventional management techniques, ABA therapies can significantly lower stress levels in caged animals.

Chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are a widely cultivated spice and vegetable globally, with their origins rooted in Mexico. The primary diseases impacting chili production encompass Anthracnose, Phytophthora, Leaf blight, Fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, damping-off, and root rot, among others. In recent years, there has been a growing concern surrounding Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum. This study aimed to investigate the fluctuations in mycorrhizal populations and the severity of wilt in chili farming regions within the state during the 2017-18 growing season. In each district, ten fields were examined, with two to three fields representing each village. The most substantial mycorrhizal colonization rate and the number of sporocarps in the soil were identified in Mahendragarh, with a mycorrhizal colonization rate of 17.3% and 260 sporocarps per 200 g of soil. Fatehabad district followed with a mycorrhizal colonization rate of 13.1% and 182 sporocarps per 200g of soil. The lowest values were recorded in Hisar district, with a mycorrhizal colonization rate of 11.5% and 138 sporocarps per 200g of soil. Wilt severity was most pronounced in Fatehabad district at 7.9%, followed by Mahendragarh at 7.3%, and was least severe in Hisar at 5.2%.

A field study was carried out at college farm of JNKVV, Jabalpur, M.P. to investigate the effect of different weed control treatments on weed flora and soybean. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Nine treatments were comprised of chlorimuron-ethyl 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 g ha-1, hand weeding, mechanical weeding, combined application of weeding and chlorimuron 24 g ha-1 and lastly weedy check. Application of herbicide and weeding effectively controlled weeds flora and their density rather than weedy check. Among all the treatments hand weeding recorded higher yield attributes, yield (1.69 t ha-1 grain) and net monetary returns (`20011.7 ha-1), but it was at par with chlorimuron-ethyl 24 g/ha along with mechanical weeding, that recorded 1.69 t ha-1 grain yield and `20023.8 ha-1 NMR.

Here, we investigate propagation characteristics of graded thickness one-dimensional photonic crystal structure made of silicon and air. The optical transmission is obtained by transfer matrix method (TMM) and studied impact of graded index and refractive index variation on the transmission spectra. The optical transmission of suggested structure drops as frequency increases and falls to zero more rapidly as graded index increases. The graded index variable can be used to tune the suggested structure’s cut off frequency, which corresponds to half of the transmission value. So, such device has useful application as tunable optical low-pass filter.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of date of transplanting, planting geometry and training system on the fruit yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under naturally ventilated polyhouse at the Research Farm of Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications and eighteen treatments, comprised of three date of transplanting (1st fortnight of March, 2nd fortnight of March and 1st fortnight of April), two planting geometry viz., 60 cm x 30 cm, 75 cm x 30 cm and three training systems viz., two shoots, three shoots and four shoots. Results revealed that plants transplanted earlier (1st fortnight of March) at a wider spacing of (75 cm x 30 cm) recorded significantly higher number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight and total soluble solids, while maximum fruit yield was recorded under closer spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm. With regards to the number of shoots per plant, plants with three shoots recorded significantly higher fruit yield. So it can be concluded that plants transplanted in the 1st fortnight of March, trained to three shoots and spaced at 60 cm x 30 cm apart were found to be the best for higher fruit yield and better quality of the produce.

For years, medicinal plants have been a primary source of rectifiers for healthcare. Information about how plants work is either passeddown from elders, learned through experience or via trials, but it isn’t always proven. A similarly extensive repository of ethnomedicalknowledge is North Haryana. The present study demonstrate the importance of plants from the Hisar district in the state of Haryana forethnomedicine. Field checks and in-depth interviews conducted in the fields between 2022 and 2023 were used to gather the data. Thecurrent study contains thorough ethnomedical information, including common and botanical names, family names, pharmaceuticaldelivery methods, lozenge dosage forms, and ailments addressed. It was determined that this region still has a wealth of practicalethnomedical expertise and may contribute to further herbal medicine development programs.

Cement industry is very important industry in India because it is contributing in India's infrastructural and industrial development. Cement industry is contributing almost 1.2% of GDP and 0.5 million employment. So this study entitled “A comparative study on financial analysis of RAMCOIND & HIL” is done to know about the financial condition, profitability, solvency, liquidity and working capital efficiency of these cement companies. From this study, it was found that working capital growth of both company is satisfactory but working capital turnover ratio of HIL is not good. Liquidity of both companies is not good. Profitability of HIL is better than RAMCOIND but solvency of HIL is not good.

The field and horticulture crops affected by the viral disease are becoming a threat to the economy worldwide as they significantly impact their production and yield. Several viruses have been reported to have multiple plant hosts, leading to a high prevalence of viral infections across the globe. Moreover, there is a lack of basic knowledge about plant virus dynamics in natural ecosystems. This writing, therefore, delivers knowledge about viruses infecting economically important field and horticulture crops, such as their distribution, symptoms of diseases caused by them, mode of transmission, and genomic organization. The field crops discussed in this chapter include sugarcane, groundnuts, soybeans, tobacco, wheat, maize, and cotton. Some major horticultural crops described here include potato, tomato, papaya, banana, apple, okra, chili, and citrus. The arising problem considered here needs better understanding and knowledge about the major agro-economically important viruses.

Myriad of plant viruses are detrimental hampering the production of fruit crops. To control these viruses and assuring high yield, knowledge about the intricate relationships between the virus, host plants, and the vector, or carrier, is seminal in developing effective management systems. The era of next-generation sequencing and high-throughput sequencing has revealed that there are more viruses than virus species. These techniques have accelerated virus identification, thus tripling the number of known viruses in less than a decade with new viruses being constantly discovered of which many waits further molecular and biological characterization as well as classification. This chapter provides detailed information about the latest achievements of science on five viruses, which are widespread on pome fruits and cause considerable damage. In this article, the taxonomy of viruses, host range, symptoms, transmission manner geographical distribution, especially the economic effects of the virus, as well as diagnostic methods for viruses and their isolates, also detailed control measures to prevent viruses damaging are presented.