Abstract Brain-inspired neuromorphic computing systems require hardware components analogous to biological neurons and synapses. Honey based natural organic memristor has demonstrated promising nonvolatile memristive behaviors, with the advantages of sustainability, environmentally friendliness, and low-cost manufacturing. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are added in honey to fabricate honey-CNT memristive artificial synaptic devices. Honey-CNT film is characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy and the distribution of CNT bundles embedded in the honey-CNT composite layer by cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy for the first time. Critical synaptic functions of the honey-CNT memristor, including spike-rate-dependent plasticity, spike voltage dependent plasticity, learn-forget-relearn, and supralinear spatial summation are revealed, which have not been reported by honey based memristive devices before. Paired pulse facilitation with a PPF index as large as 4.5 is observed, indicating the enhancement of synaptic weight by CNTs. Furthermore, honey-CNT memristor based neuromorphic system is evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, read/write energy, and overall performance by the image recognition using Stochastic Gradient Descent and Adaptive Moment Estimation learning algorithms and the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology database.

Abstract This study developed a composite material (JBC-nZVI) using jujube tree branch biochar (JBC) to support nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal from aqueous solutions. The porous structure of JBC improved nZVI dispersion, reducing aggregation and enhancing reactivity and stability. The composite was characterized using SEM-EDS, BET, FT-IR, and particle size distribution analysis. Under optimized conditions (50 mg/L Cr(VI), pH 3, 1 g/L dosage), JBC-nZVI achieved 88.7 % Cr(VI) removal in 120 min. Kinetic studies showed the removal followed a pseudo-second-order model, with chemical adsorption as the main process. JBC-nZVI facilitated electron transfer between Cr(VI) and nZVI, promoting the reduction process. XRD and XPS analyses revealed that Cr(VI) removal involved adsorption, reduction, and coprecipitation. This composite not only provides an efficient method for Cr(VI) remediation but also valorizes jujube tree branch biomass waste, enhancing nZVI stability and offering a novel approach for environmental cleanup.

Abstract The long-term reliability of flexible electronics depends on the durability of metallic interconnects. Fatigue failure in these interconnects is driven by two mechanisms: crack initiation from surface extrusions and delamination at the metal/polymer interface. Here, we propose a Cu–Mn alloy interconnect that utilizes a self-forming nanolayer to simultaneously address both failure modes. Through postannealing of a vapor-deposited Cu–Mn film, manganese diffuses to form an ∼20 nm thick manganese oxide (MnO x ) layer at both the surface and the interface. This surface MnO x layer effectively suppresses extrusions, the primary sites for fatigue cracks. Concurrently, the interfacial MnO x layer enhances adhesion energy to 10.77 J/m 2 , a ∼2.2-fold improvement over annealed pure Cu, thus preventing delamination. As a result, the Cu–Mn interconnects exhibit a significant enhancement in fatigue lifetime, confirming the dual role of MnO x in improving both surface stability and interfacial integrity. This work provides a unified and experimentally validated strategy for improving the reliability of flexible electronic interconnects.

Abstract Malachite green (MG) dye known for its severe toxicity poses significant health hazards, including risks of cancer, genetic mutations, and respiratory damage. This investigation highlights an eco-friendly, sustainable, economical, and efficient green approach for fabrication of silver oxide-zinc oxide bimetallic nanoparticles (AgO-ZnO BMNPs). The purpose of this study is to optimize the degradation process of MG dye under light exposure. To achieve this, we successfully prepared biogenic AgO-ZnO BMNPs crystals. The compositions, structures, morphologies, and optical behavior of these BMNPs were analyzed by UV–vis, SEM, XRD, EDX and FTIR techniques. AgO-ZnO BMNPs showed absorption peaks by UV–vis analysis at 215, 289 nm for silver and at 219, 278 nm for zinc. XRD analysis showed the crystal size of AgO-ZnO BMNPs was 10 nm determined by the Scherrer equation. The results revealed that the AgO-ZnO BMNPs degrade 95 % MG dye in 40 min at pH 10 using 300 mg/L dose. The antimicrobial ability of AgO-ZnO BMNPs was assessed against harmful bacterial strains. The results revealed that these BMNPs have good inhibition potential against all tested strains. The AgO-ZnO BMNPs exhibit high photocatalytic efficiency and strong antimicrobial potential, indicating their effectiveness in degrading pollutants and combating harmful bacteria. The comprehensive results suggest that these green-synthesized AgO-ZnO BMNPs hold significant potential for use in versatile applications.

Abstract Continuously increasing demand for compact, decentralized and sustainable energy solutions has increased interest in nanogenerators, which offer promising avenues for harvesting ambient energy across diverse environments. This study presents an in-depth review of all major types of nanogenerators, i.e., piezoelectric, triboelectric, pyroelectric, thermoelectric, electromagnetic, and hybrid systems, emphasizing their working principles, materials, synthesis techniques, device architectures, and performances. Special attention is given to recent advancements in cutting-edge materials, including 2D materials, MXenes, conductive polymers, perovskites, biodegradable and biocompatible composites, and porous nanostructures, that have significantly enhanced energy conversion efficiency, flexibility, and multifunctionality. A critical comparison of fabrication methods, scalability, and durability is provided to guide future research. A wide range of applications of nanogenerators, encompassing implantable and wearable medical devices, human-machine interfaces, Internet of Things nodes, soft robotics, and autonomous sensor systems, are discussed. By systematically integrating insights from material science, device engineering, and applied technology, this review offers a perspective on the current status, challenges, and future potential of nanogenerators as next-generation self-powered systems.

Abstract This study examines hybrid nanofluids flow on an extendable surface using thermophoresis, Brownian motion, micropolar and magnetic effects. To control the thermal diffusions, the effects of Joule heating have also incorporated in energy equations. The concentration diffusion is controlled through use of Arrhenius energy term in concentration equation. Moreover, multiple slip effects have used at the physical boundaries of the flow system. The governing equations were converted to dimensionless form and subsequently solved by bvp4c method. The studied parameter used in this work along with their ranges are 0.1 ≤ M ≤ 1.4, 0.3 ≤ K ≤ 0.9, 0.1 ≤ α ≤ 0.9, 0.3 ≤ n ≤ 0.9, 0.10 ≤ Q ≤ 0.25, 0.1 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.4, 0.1 ≤ Nb ≤ 0.4, 0.1 ≤ Ec ≤ 0.4, 0.1 ≤ β ≤ 0.7, 0.1 ≤ Kr ≤ 0.4, 0.1 ≤ E ≤ 0.4 and 1.0 ≤ Sc ≤ 4.0. As conclusion of the work it has found that with progression in magnetic influence the linear velocity declines while the skin friction has augmented. Progression in micropolar factor causes augmentation in linear velocity while the micro-rotational velocity declines in this phenomenon. Thermal profiles have amplified with intensification in heat source factor, thermophoresis factor, Brownian motion factor, magnetic factor and Eckert number while declines with intensification in thermal slip factor. The profiles of concentration have amplified with augmentation in thermophoresis factor and activation energy factor while reduced with growth in chemical reaction factor and concentration slip factor. The current results have been validated through comparison with established works.

Abstract Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) show promise in biomedicine due to their stability and beneficial attributes, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. However, their toxicity raises concerns that require improvements in biocompatibility. Doping with transition metals, like yttrium (Y), effectively addresses these issues while enhancing antioxidant activity. The present study aims to synthesize Y-doped CuO NPs and characterize them using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cytotoxic effect of Y–CuO NPs against human normal fibroblast (BJ-1) was evaluated. Furthermore, the study examines the bioactive properties of Y–CuO NPs, emphasizing their capabilities in antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-arthritic, and anti-diabetic potentials. A monoclinic crystalline structure of Y–CuO NPs was successfully synthesized with a mean size of 10.563 nm ± 2.204. Y–CuO NPs have low cytotoxic potential against BJ-1 cell lines, with an IC 50 of 335.93 ± 6.36 μg mL −1 . Y–CuO NPs (50, 100, 200 μg mL −1 ) show antioxidant activity, reducing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and iron reducing power (IRP) dose-dependently. It shows the highest effect at 200 μg mL −1 , with TAC at 103.27 ± 0.87 mg gallic acid g −1 and IRP at 89.18 ± 1.08 μg mL −1 . Y–CuO NPs scavenge 50 % of DPPH radicals with an IC 50 value of 117.81 ± 0.40 μg mL −1 and 94.61 ± 0.13 μg mL −1 for ABTS. The nanoparticles’ scavenging activity shows an IC 50 of 159.35 ± 0.10 μg mL −1 for nitric oxide, 189.324 ± 0.20 μg mL −1 for OH, and 151.02 ± 0.03 μg mL −1 for H 2 O 2 , respectively. Y–CuO NPs show anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-arthritic, and anti-diabetic activities by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC 50 = 172.19 ± 0.14), proteinase (IC 50 = 155.96 ± 0.11), α-amylase (IC 50 = 103.39 ± 0.07), and (IC 50 = 144.41 ± 0.10) α-glucosidase enzymes, respectively. Y 3+ doping promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies that enhance redox and enzymatic activity in Y–CuO NPs. This study explores the biological potential of synthetically formed Y–CuO NPs for future biomedical uses. The findings are preliminary enzyme-inhibition screens awaiting in vivo confirmation.

Abstract Water contamination presents a pressing concern, particularly in emerging and struggling nations. Addressing this challenge, photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants emerges as a potent strategy for environmental preservation. This research introduces an innovative, environmentally benign synthesis method for green fabricated γ -Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles, harnessing Coriandrum sativum plant extract. Optical analysis through UV and visible absorbance unveils distinct Al 3+ transitions, validating a 4.6 eV bandgap. Structural investigation via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals cubic crystalline structures with spherical morphology, while Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) elucidate nanoparticle-surface interactions and the aggregation of plant-derived molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) explores aluminum valence states on oxygen surfaces, illuminating reaction mechanisms, bonding, and binding energies. Green fabricated γ -Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles exhibit robust efficacy against Gram-negative Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) bacteria. Under UV irradiation, the nanoparticles effectively degrade malachite green (MG) dye, conforming to pseudo-first-order kinetics, accomplishing an impressive 94 % degradation efficiency for the toxic organic dye, facilitated by plant bio-molecule-induced light absorption and recombination of charged particles. This process influences catalytic potential, minimizing unwanted yield and promoting robust electron activity. The green fabricated γ -Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles exhibit outstanding antibacterial susceptibility and catalytic performance against industrial dye pollutants, might find their applications in sustainable practices and biological innovation, thereby holding significant promise for advancing environmental stewardship and technological progress.

Abstract This study conducts a comparative analysis of nano, hybrid, and ternary nanofluids in an Oldroyd-B fluid model within a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium, focusing on heat transfer efficiency. It examines the effects of thermal radiation, heat source/sink, viscous dissipation, relaxation, and retardation time under different thermophysical conditions. Nanofluids are widely used in medicine, electronic cooling, heat exchangers, and renewable energy systems. However, the comparative performance of nano, hybrid, and ternary nanofluids in an Oldroyd-B framework remains unexplored. This study fills this gap by evaluating TiO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , and CoFe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and optimizing their thermal efficiency using numerical and statistical modeling. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity variables and solved with the BVP4C method. Response surface methodology (RSM) is applied for parameter optimization, while multilinear regression analysis provides further insights. Graphical and tabulated results show that nano nanofluids achieve the highest heat transfer, followed by hybrid, while ternary nanofluids perform the lowest due to increased resistance. Thermal radiation improves heat transfer, whereas the Forchheimer number reduces it. The obtained findings can guide the selection of nanofluids for high-performance heat exchangers, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) cooling systems, solar-thermal collectors, nuclear and industrial cooling, and biomedical thermal regulation technologies. The integration of RSM further provides a practical optimization framework for engineering design and performance improvement in energy-efficient systems. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing nanofluid-based thermal systems, aiding advancements in heat exchangers, MHD cooling, and energy-efficient technologies.

Abstract Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major ocular complication of diabetes mellitus, remains a leading cause of global vision loss and blindness. Pathological hallmarks of DR include sustained hyperglycemia and elevated oxidative stress. To address these challenges, this study synthesized a dual-responsive nanomaterial (NPS EB ) capable of reacting to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose. NPS EB was co-encapsulated with the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant essential oil from Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet (EOFAZ) and insulin, forming the dual-drug nanocomplex designated NPS EB @EOFAZ/insulin (termed N-EI). The protective properties of this nanomaterial conferred gastrointestinal stability to N-EI. Oral administration of N-EI significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic mice within 6 h while simultaneously alleviating oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Crucially, N-EI mitigated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in Müller cells, thereby delaying DR progression. This orally administered, biocompatible dual-responsive nanocomplex demonstrates therapeutic potential for glycemic control and retardation of DR complications, suggesting a novel avenue for oral insulin nanomedicine development.