Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyzing the role of forest conservation in climate regulation in Thailand. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Forest conservation in Thailand plays a vital role in climate regulation through biodiversity preservation, carbon sequestration, and maintenance of ecological balance. It acts as a carbon sink, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to regional climate stability by influencing local weather patterns. Conservation efforts also protect watersheds, ensuring sustainable freshwater resources. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Biogeochemical cycles theory, ecosystem services theory & forest resilience theory may be used to anchor future studies on role of forest conservation in climate regulation in Thailand. Implementing sustainable practices such as reduced-impact logging, reforestation, and agroforestry promotes forest health and resilience. Strengthening international agreements like the Paris Agreement and regional forest governance frameworks supports global forest conservation efforts.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze oceanic pollution and its influence on global climate variability. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Oceanic pollution, including plastics, oil spills, heavy metals, and chemical contaminants, significantly impacts global climate variability. These pollutants harm marine ecosystems, disrupt food webs, and contribute to climate change. Plastic debris poses a severe threat to marine life, while oil spills devastate coastal environments. Heavy metals and chemical contaminants bio accumulate in marine organisms, posing risks to human health and altering biogeochemical processes essential for climate regulation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Ocean-atmosphere interaction theory, pollutants as climate forcers theory & feedback loop theory of oceanic pollution may be used to anchor future studies on oceanic pollution and its influence on global climate variability. Implement practical measures to reduce oceanic pollution, including stricter regulations on waste disposal, improved waste management infrastructure, and the promotion of sustainable consumption practices. Foster collaboration among nations to address oceanic pollution on a global scale.

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze impact of deforestation on regional climate patterns. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Research on the impact of deforestation in Japan reveals significant alterations in regional climate patterns. Deforested areas experience changes in precipitation, often leading to decreased rainfall and potential drought conditions. Additionally, deforestation contributes to higher temperatures, exacerbating the urban heat island effect and altering local weather dynamics. Modifications in atmospheric circulation patterns further compound these effects, potentially increasing the frequency of extreme weather events. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Theory of land surface-atmosphere interaction, bio geophysical feedback hypothesis & theory of atmospheric circulation changes may be used to anchor future studies on impact of deforestation on regional climate patterns. Implement sustainable land management practices and reforestation initiatives to mitigate the adverse effects of deforestation on regional climate patterns. Enact and enforce policies that promote sustainable forestry practices, including forest protection, sustainable logging, and forest restoration measures.

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze agricultural practices and climate resilience: case study in Vietnam. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: In Vietnam, agricultural practices significantly enhance climate resilience amidst growing climate variability. Diversified cropping systems and climate-smart techniques like conservation agriculture and agroforestry help mitigate climate-related risks by spreading vulnerabilities and improving soil health and water retention. Promoting resilient crop varieties and livestock breeds further reduces susceptibility to pests, diseases, and extreme weather events. Integrating these strategies into agricultural policies is vital for ensuring food security and sustainability in Vietnam's changing climate. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social-Ecological Systems Theory (SES), Adaptive Capacity Theory & Political Ecology Theory may be used to anchor future studies on agricultural practices and climate resilience: case study in Vietnam. Encourage diversification of crops and livestock to increase resilience to climate variability. Promote mixed cropping, agroforestry, and integrated livestock-crop systems, which enhance biodiversity, soil fertility, and pest resilience. Develop and implement policies that support climate-resilient agriculture.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze urbanization and heat island effect: a comparative study Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: A comparative study in Egypt investigated the impact of urbanization on the heat island effect. Findings indicated that highly urbanized areas, like Cairo, exhibited more pronounced heat island effects due to extensive infrastructure and limited vegetation. Rapid urbanization and land use changes were identified as significant contributors to increased heat island intensity. The study emphasizes the importance of urban planning strategies to mitigate these effects and calls for further research to better understand the urbanization-heat island relationship in Egypt. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Theory of urban heat island effect, theory of land use and land cover change & theory of socioeconomic drivers of urbanization may be used to anchor future studies on urbanization and heat island effect: a comparative study. Integrate green spaces, such as parks, urban forests, and green roofs, into urban planning and design to mitigate the heat island effect. Implement urban planning regulations and building codes that mandate the incorporation of heat mitigation measures in new developments and retrofits.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the global climate change and its implication to health.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. This study used secondary data from which include review of existing literature from already published studies and reports that was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: The study concluded that weather-related disasters and related health effects, may cripple the already inadequate public health infrastructure in the country. Hence, there is an urgent need to respond to the situation. 
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study used the agro-economic models and ricardian model for climate change assessment. The study recommends that physicians and the broader health care community throughout the world engage in environmentally sustainable practices that reduce carbon emissions; support efforts to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change; and educate the public, their colleagues, their community, and lawmakers about the health risks posed by climate change.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the impacts of climate change on intermodal transport.
 Methodology: This study adopted a desktop methodology. This study used secondary data from which include review of existing literature from already published studies and reports that was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: The impact of climate change on intermodal transport is associated with heavy rains, carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases. The study also found that climate change has made the transport sector to develop strategies to mitigate the effect of climate change.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study used the agro-economic models and ricardian model for climate change assessment. The study recommended that additional maintenance and rehabilitation costs may be required to compensate for additional distresses related to climate change. Therefore there is need for heavy investment of emergency funds for repair and maintenance of the way, this includes ports and seas.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of climate changes on livestock and agriculture.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork.
 Findings: The study concluded that the impact of climate change in livestock include changes in water availability, animal growth and milk production, production and quality of feed crop and forage, diseases and reproduction and biodiversity. The agriculture sectors is highly affected by lack of rainfall, raising temperatures and greenhouse gases
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that proper education and training programs for agriculture workers, public officials and the personnel from the related agencies should be developed and put into practice so that they can properly cope with climate change. The study also recommends that policies should be put in place to regulate human activities such as deforestation and release of gases to the atmosphere that contribute to the changes in climate change.

Purpose: The study was carried out to investigate the effect of climate change and weather-variability perception on yam production in Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area; identify the perceptions of yam farmers on climate change in the study area; identify the adaptation strategies adopted by farmers in the study; determine the cost and return of farmers; determine the effect of climate change variables perception on yam output.
 Methodology: Multi –stage sampling procedure was used in the selection of respondents in the study area. A total of 120 respondents were selected for this study. Descriptive statistics, Gross Margin analysis, Likert Rating Scale, Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze data collected from the field. The study revealed that 38.0% of the yam farmers fell within the ages of 36 and 45 years. This implies that yam farmers in the study area are relatively young and energetic which enhance sustainable production.
 Findings: Gross Margin analysis revealed that yam production is profitable as it leaves a profit margin of N31995 for each farmer in the study area. Likert Rating Scale showed that majority of the respondents had a high perception on climate change but there is need for more sensitization of yam farmers on climate change. Multiple Regression Analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between climate change variables perception and yam output which rejects the hypothesis of this study.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended among others that there is need for government to sensitize farmers on climate change and provide them with reasonable adaptation options to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on Agricultural production.

Purpose: To examine the impact of climate change on animal health and production.
 Methodology: To review an existing literatures concerning impact of climate change on animal health and production.
 Findings: Climate change is seen as a major threat to the survival of many species of animal, ecosystems and the sustainability of livestock production systems globally. Livestock production and health are considerably vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Since several decades back, climate change has become the major issue affecting global and regional ecosystems and people are working on it. Although yet it is real and is happening with concomitant changes in precipitation, flooding, heavy winds, and the frequency of severe events, increased temperature, and changes in humidity. It is evidenced that it will become worse in the future life. Climate change has direct and indirect impacts on emerging and re-emerging animal diseases and zoonoses since it disrupts natural ecosystems and allows disease-causing pathogens to move into new areas where they may harm wild life, domestic species, and humans.
 The interaction between animal production and climate change is complex since animal production contributes to climate change. However to the reverse and worse condition, climate change highly affects animal production. Thus, the increased threat of climate change on the animal production and health sectors needs the hands of various stakeholders to work collaboratively.