To evaluate the relationship between baseline axial length (AL) and the rate of myopia progression in children and determine whether baseline AL alone predicts rapid myopia progression. This retrospective study included 1,458 patients (< 20 years old) who underwent cycloplegic refraction and biometry for at least two years between 2011 and 2024. Myopia progression rate was assessed using AL elongation (mm/year), spherical equivalent (SE) change (diopters/year), and AL/K radius (AL/corneal radius per year). Partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were performed to assess linearity between AL and myopia progression rate. A total of 2,916 eyes were analyzed. Baseline AL exhibited weak partial correlations with progression indicators. After adjusting for age, partial correlation coefficients for the right and left eyes were 0.297 and 0.305 for AL elongation, -0.267 and -0.278 for SE change, and 0.259 and 0.269 for AL/K radius rate, respectively. Multiple regression analyses, adjusting for age and K-rad effect revealed that the linear model for the right and left eyes accounted for only 2.4% and 2.0% for AL elongation, 10.0% and 10.5% of SE change, and 1.5% and 1.3% of AL/K radius rate, respectively. Analysis using generalized estimating equations to account for inter-eye correlation revealed that AL had a minimal impact on myopic progression rates. Progression rates decreased with baseline AL > 24 mm, suggesting a nonproportional relationship between AL and progression rate of myopia. Baseline AL was not a linear independent predictor of rapid myopia progression. Myopia progression tended to be slow in patients with an AL > 24 mm.

Postoperative endophthalmitis is a sight-threatening intraocular infection requiring prompt treatment. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of intravitreal 0.625% povidone-iodine (PI) injection with intravitreal antibiotic injection for the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis. A retrospective review of 42 eyes diagnosed with postoperative endophthalmitis was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 received intravitreal 0.625% PI injection (0.1 mL), while Group 2 received intravitreal antibiotic injection. Clinical data, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of intravitreal injections, duration of anterior chamber hypopyon, and the need for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), were analyzed. Group 1 (24 eyes) showed significant improvements in BCVA post-treatment (mean logMAR 1.04 ± 0.95, p < 0.001) compared to Group 2 (16 eyes, mean logMAR 1.26 ± 0.99, p = 0.092). Severe visual impairment (BCVA < 10/100) was significantly less frequent in Group 1 (25.0%) than in Group 2 (62.5%) (p = 0.025). The mean duration of hypopyon was shorter in Group 1 (2.6 ± 2.2 days) compared to Group 2 (6.4 ± 7.3 days, p = 0.048). Fewer intravitreal injections (p = 0.002) and PPV (p = 0.002) were required in Group 1. Intravitreal 0.625% PI injection was associated with fewer intravitreal injections, shorter hypopyon duration, and more favorable visual outcome-related measures, including significant visual improvement from baseline and a lower frequency of severe visual impairment, compared with intravitreal antibiotic treatment. These findings suggest that PI may be considered a safe and effective initial treatment option for postoperative endophthalmitis. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these results.

This study evaluated the early outcomes of hyperopic small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) using the VisuMax 800 femtosecond laser in a Korean cohort, focusing on safety, efficacy, refractive predictability, and centration accuracy. This retrospective study included 11 eyes from 7 patients who underwent hyperopic SMILE using the VisuMax 800 between December 1, 2024, and October 31, 2025, at Onnuri Eye Hospital in Jeonju, Korea. All eyes completed at least 3 months of postoperative follow-up. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations included uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA), manifest refraction, tomography, and wavefront aberrometry. Outcomes were analyzed using the standard nine graphs for refractive surgery. Astigmatic changes were assessed using the Alpins vector method. Optical zone decentration was calculated using postoperative Placido-Scheimpflug topography. The median preoperative spherical equivalent (SEQ) was +2.50 D [interquartile range (IQR), 1.94 to 4.12]. At 3 months, eight eyes (72.7%) were within ±0.50 D and all eyes (100%) were within ±1.00 D of the residual SEQ. The median efficacy index was 0.90 (IQR, 0.80 to 0.95). CDVA was unchanged in 63.6% of eyes and decreased by one line in 36.4%; no eye lost two or more lines. The median safety index was 0.86 (IQR, 0.80-1.00). RMS higher-order aberrations increased by +0.38 μm (IQR, 0.09 to 0.52). The median vertex-based decentration was 0.064 mm (IQR, 0.036 to 0.091). Decentration demonstrated a significant positive correlation with RMS HOA (ρ = 0.709, p = 0.014). Hyperopic SMILE using the VisuMax 800 produced favorable early clinical outcomes with high centration accuracy as well as shorter surgical time. Larger prospective studies with longer follow-up are necessary to determine long-term stability.

This study aimed to evaluate changes in anterior segment morphology and intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) following early phacoemulsification, using Scheimpflug-Placido disc tomography. In this retrospective cohort study, In this retrospective cohort study, 32 eyes of 32 phakic patients diagnosed with AACG and referred to a tertiary hospital between 2021 and 2023 were included. After medical stabilization of IOP and inflammation, all patients underwent cataract surgery within one month of the acute attack. Anterior segment parameters were assessed using Scheimpflug-Placido disc tomography before and one month after surgery. Paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. The mean age of patients was 65.76 ± 9.63 years. Postoperatively, best corrected visual acuity improved significantly (pre-op: 0.81 ± 0.92 logMAR; post-op: 0.18 ± 0.30 logMAR; p < 0.01). Mean IOP decreased by 22.8 ± 3.45 mmHg (p < 0.01). Significant increases were observed in iridocorneal angle (from 24.62 ± 9.59 to 46.20 ± 10.93 degrees), anterior chamber depth (from 1.34 ± 0.65 mm to 3.02 ± 0.82 mm), and anterior chamber volume (from 98.01 ± 28.62 mm³ to 145.87 ± 27.27 mm³), all with p < 0.01. Central corneal thickness decreased slightly but significantly (from 579.80 ± 47.48 µm to 556.80 ± 47.29 µm; p = 0.03). Early lens extraction in AACG significantly improves anterior segment parameters and lowers IOP. Scheimpflug-Placido disc tomography is a useful non-invasive tool to quantify these changes.

To evaluate the inter-observer reproducibility of Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) among ophthalmologists with varying levels of experience and to assess the agreement between non-contact tonometry (NCT) and GAT in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP). This cross-sectional observational study, conducted prospectively at a tertiary care hospital, included 210 patients. IOP measurements were performed on the right eye using NCT followed by GAT. Observer 1 (Obs1) was a senior ophthalmologist, while Obs2 and Obs3 were a second-year and a first-year resident, respectively. The primary objective was to compare GAT-based IOP measurements between Obs1 and the residents; the secondary objective was to evaluate agreement between NCT and GAT. A statistically significant difference was observed between Obs1 and Obs2, and between Obs1 and NCT, but not between Obs1 and Obs3. The mean difference (MD) in IOP between Obs1 and Obs2 was 0.8 mmHg (95% limits of agreement (LoA): ±5.7 mmHg). Comparisons with Obs3 and NCT yielded MDs of 0.4 mmHg (95% LoA ±6.5 mmHg) and -0.9 mmHg (95% LoA ±7.3 mmHg), respectively. A higher percentage of Obs2 readings fell within ±4 mmHg of Obs1 compared to Obs3 and NCT. In the normotensive subgroup, MDs were 0.7, 0.4, and -1.4 mmHg, respectively, with a notably wide LoA for NCT (-8.1 to 5.3 mmHg). There was notable inter-observer variability in GAT-based IOP measurements between residents and the senior ophthalmologist, exceeding the ±4 mmHg clinical acceptability benchmark. This variability suggests that less experienced observers may not yet have fully developed skills, impacting measurement accuracy. Over time, this range may narrow as experience and proficiency improve. Additionally, clinicians should interpret NCT results with caution-especially in postoperative assessments or when modifying treatment. Cross-checking with GAT and incorporating structured training protocols may enhance measurement consistency.

To determine how cataract-related image-quality improvement and region of interest (ROI) definition affect the reproducibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) radiomics features. This retrospective study included 50 eyes from 46 patients who underwent cataract surgery. Preoperative and postoperative OCT images were acquired using a standardized protocol. Radiomics features (n=93) were extracted from two ROI configurations: Retina ROI (Rr; retina only) and Full ROI (Rf; retina, choroid, vitreous). Pre- versus postoperative differences were tested with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Cohen's d; repeatability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement between ROIs was evaluated with Wilcoxon statistics, Spearman correlation, the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman plots. The influence of signal strength was analyzed with paired t-tests and Spearman correlation. Postoperative signal strength significantly improved from 28.24 ± 3.16 to 31.40 ± 3.06 dB (p < 0.001). Significant pre-/postoperative changes occurred in 49/93 features (52.7 %) within Rr and in 81/93 (87.1 %) within Rf. ICC showed good-to-excellent repeatability in 51.6 % of Rr features and 87.1 % of Rf features, yet 29.0 % of Rr features still demonstrated poor reliability. Across ROI methods, 94.6% of feature pairs differed significantly between Rr and Rf, and no feature achieved CCC > 0.85. Only two descriptors-FOS 10 Percentile and GLDM Gray Level Variance-showed no significant change with surgery and minimal dependence on signal strength. Radiomics features in OCT respond variably to media opacity, signal-to-noise ratio, and ROI definition: most are susceptible to these factors, yet a small subset remains stable across them. Limiting analysis to an anatomically precise retina-bounded ROI and enrolling eyes with comparable cataract status and signal-strength scores may therefore improve reproducibility. Implementing these standardizations will help future OCT-radiomics studies identify the most reliable biomarkers for clinical use.

To characterize biofilm-forming capacity, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and antibiotic susceptibility (AST) of bacteria isolated from contact lenses (CL) and their accessories. Bacterial isolates from 20 CLs and their cases from asymptomatic participants were assessed for biofilm formation using crystal violet (CV) staining in tubes and tissue culture plates (TCP). AST was performed by the Kirby-Bauer method. EPS production was detected using Congo red agar (CRA) and broth (CRB), with the contents of carbohydrate, protein, and eDNA assessed. Biofilm structures were visualized, and the effect of different physiological conditions on biofilm was studied. The bacterial isolates included A. xylosoxidans, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus, identified and confirmed by MALDI TOF MS. Out of 110 isolates, biofilm production by CV staining showed 28.5% strongly positive, 38.09% moderately positive, and 23.33% weakly positive by the tube method, and 32.07%, 18.57%, and 29.04% respectively by TCP method; 14.28% were non-biofilm producers. The selected isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics, but resistance was noted in A. xylosoxidans. The EPS production was confirmed by black coloration in CRA plates, and CRB tubes with carbohydrate content was found to increase, whereas protein content was slightly reduced, and the presence of eDNA was detected after 48 hrs. By Maneval's stain, a pink bacterial cell embedded in blue-colored extracellular matrix (ECM) is observed. The SEM images depicted the presence of branched and sheet-like ECM structures. Physiological conditions like acidic pH and the presence of ribose sugar showed reduced biofilm formation; conversely, incubation at 28°C enhanced bacterial attachment. In Staphylococcus species, increased salt concentration supported biofilm formation. This study shows that bacteria present on contact lenses of asymptomatic users possess significant biofilm-forming capacity. We conclude that A. xylosoxidans and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were predominant and capable biofilm formers. CRB was found to be a convenient qualitative method for detecting EPS production in this study. The bacterial attachment on CL may vary with physiological conditions. These findings reflect presence of bacteria rather than active infection and highlight the importance of hygiene and preventive strategies during contact lens use.