Purpose: To compare central macular thickness (CMT) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy (SCH) patients and their age-matched controls. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional observational study to compare CMT using SD-OCT was done in SCH patients (Sickle cell anemia (SS), Sickle cell trait (AS), HbSC disease (SC), Sickle-Beta Thalassemia (S-Thal)) and their age-matched controls at a tertiary eye care center in Central India for two years. The study included two groups, the SCH patients in Group I and age-matched controls in Group II, with 58 subjects (116 eyes) in each group. SCH patients were recruited from the Sickle Cell Clinic in the hospital. Age-matched controls were selected from a general eye clinic in the same hospital. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmic examination consisting of visual acuity measurement, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, dilated fundoscopy, and central subfield macular SD-OCT imaging of each eye. Analysis of the findings was done by a single vitreoretinal surgeon. Statistical analysis was done. Results: The study included total of 232 eyes with 116 eyes in each group. The age ranged from 10 to 60 years with a mean age of 31.55 years in both groups. There were 31 males and 27 females in each group. The mean CMT in the right eye in cases and controls was 224.87 and 244.36 um, respectively, and in the left eye the CMT in cases and controls was 224.86 and 244.31 um, respectively. The P value in both groups (cases and controls) in both eyes was 0.001, i.e., statistically significant. Conclusions: The CMT in SCH patients was significantly less than that in age-matched controls.

A 38-year-old male patient presented with blunt trauma in right eye (RE), 3 days back. On examination of RE, the best corrected visual acuity was light perception and intra-ocular pressure (IOP) was 42 mmHg by applanation. Anterior segment examination showed dislocated lens in anterior vitreous cavity. Ultrasound sonography showed no evidence of vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment. Maximum medical anti-glaucoma therapy was started. After 1 week, due to uncontrolled IOP and dislocated lens, pars plana vitrectomy with lensectomy with scleral fixated intra-ocular lens implantation was done. On 2-week follow-up, IOP was 18 mmHg on monotherapy, with stable lens and retina.

Objective: To evaluate the variations in intraocular pressure and its relation with the severity and chronicity of Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), as well as the type of break and presence of myopia. Methods: Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study; sample size 75 (4 pq/d2); duration 1 year; exclusion-combined Retinal Detachment (RD), exudative Rd, associated choroidal detachment, and anterior Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Parameters considered were age, duration, IOP by Applanation Tonometry (AT), severity, chronicity, PVR changes, location, number of breaks, and presence of myopia. Results: In all, 72% (n = 54) were males; 25 (33%) patients had features of chronicity (PVR, demarcation line, and atrophic retina). Fifty-one patients (68%) had subtotal RD; Superotemporal quadrant rhegma was present in 30 patients (40%). Normal IOP on AT was observed in 42.7%, lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in 37.3%, and hypotony in 20%. Hypotony was more common among total RRD (P = 0.027). None showed evidence of globe distortion. The mean duration of RRD was more among those with total RRD (P = 0.008) and among those with unidentified breaks (P = 0.031). The mean IOP among the total RRD was 9.42 mm Hg (standard deviation [SD] = 3.69, P = 0.011. The mean IOP showed a negative correlation with the duration among those with fresh RD (P = 0.041), and the presence of HST (P = 0.014). The mean IOP showed a positive correlation with age among RRD with features of chronicity (P = 0.012). Conclusion: The relationship of intraocular pressure dynamics with the severity, chronicity, and type of breaks suggests the possibility of an alternate hypothesis for lower IOP in RRDs.

Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disease caused by a mutation in the neurofibromin 1 gene, which affects tissues derived from the neural crest. Clinically, it is characterized by a spectrum of defects comprising of neural tumors, cafe-au-lait spots, intertriginous freckling, and skeletal defects. Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology defined by the presence of noncaseating granulomatous inflammation and the most commonly involved organs are lungs and lymph nodes. But it can also affect the eyes, skin, heart, and other organs. There are clinical case reports, where various autoimmune diseases are associated with NF1 like—systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, vitiligo, and alopecia. A PubMed search of articles, indexed for MEDLINE using the terms sarcoidosis, anterior uveitis, and neurofibromatosis yielded no such published cases of patients having both sarcoidosis and NF1. We resent a case of neurofibromatosis type 1 in a middle-aged women who presented with anterior uveitis and diagnosed to have underlying pulmonary sarcoidosis. Now it is a rising question, whether neurofibromatosis, sarcoidosis, and anterior uveitis are just a simple coincidence or coexistence?

The Indian subcontinent is well known for various parasitic infections, given the myriad of favourable conditions which enable the parasite to complete its life cycle. However, multiple textbooks in ophthalmology do not provide adequate amount of information about the same. This manuscript is an attempt to bridge this gap and enable ophthalmologists to treat a common but yet underreported clinical scenario.

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have significantly impacted the field of ophthalmology, particularly in the treatment of refractive errors and cataracts, which are major causes of treatable blindness. With groundbreaking advancements in refractive surgery, including phakic intraocular lenses and LASER Vision Correction (LVC) surgeries—such as flap-based procedures(LASIK), surface procedures(PRK, LASEK), and lenticule extraction procedures—AI-driven innovations have emerged as transformative techniques. There are multiple Kerato Lenticule Extraction (KLEx) surgeries available now - SMILE, SILK, CLEAR and SmartSight. These advancements aim to enhance precision, reduce risk, and improve efficiency in correcting vision impairments like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. AI's role in preoperative screening, surgical planning, and postoperative care promises clearer vision and an improved quality of life for numerous individuals. This article reviews the integration of AI in refractive surgery, highlighting its contributions to patient outcomes and the future potential of AI in ophthalmology.

Trabeculectomy is considered the gold standard for glaucoma surgery, providing effective intraocular pressure control. However, complications such as over filtration leading to the hypotony and under filtration causing surgical failure can arise. Releasable sutures serve as an effective solution to mitigate these risks by allowing postoperative titration of aqueous outflow. These externalized interrupted scleral flap sutures regulate flow through the internal ostium and can be easily removed via a slit lamp. There are various techniques for using releasable sutures, and this video demonstrates two primary methods.

The purpose of this study was to report a case series of visually significant calcific band keratopathy (CBK) associated with chronic uveitis and systemic hypercalcemia, which markedly decreased in severity after dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2 EDTA) chelation. The results included six eyes (five patients) with a moderate-to-severe grade of CBK who underwent K2 EDTA chelation. Of five patients, two had chronic uveitis, two had absolute glaucoma, and one had old corneal opacity. After K2 EDTA chelation therapy, the CBK lessened in severity with clearing of the central cornea and improvement in visual acuity. It was concluded that chelation of calcium with topical EDTA is a safe and effective treatment for band keratopathy. Because of the difficulty in acquiring disodium EDTA and the easy availability of K2 EDTA in medical facilities, K2 EDTA chelation is preferred over disodium (Na2) EDTA chelation. Other than easy availability, K2 is also preferred because the preparation of the final EDTA dosage is performed under relatively sterile conditions.