Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common health problem; increasing with high proportion that results in significant reduction in life spawn of diabetic patients. This study was made in order to determine the prevalence of DN in patients having type 2 diabetes in major tertiary hospitals of Hyderabad and Adjoining areas. The progression of DN in Type 2 diabetic mellitus was gathered through pre-tested questionnaire from patients. During study period, 150 of DN patients were interviewed on the basis of their medical history including period of disease, blood sugar test, renal impairment, hypertension, cardiovascular and family background reports. While the measurement of albumin to creatinine ratio and uric acids in a random urine sample were evaluated with biochemical blood/urine test and immunological assays. It was found that out of 150 diabetes patients, 123 have DN and among them male and female ratio was 81: 42 respectively. According to the parameters, the diabetic mellitus were in both DN and non diabetic nephropathy (NDN) patients, as far as the circulating level of sugar level in both DN and NDN is concern it was noted that range of fasting blood sugar was high 232.86± 15.85 mg /dl as compared to the normal value 80-120. The level of blood glucose in the NDN it was 136,25 ± 10.85 around 100 mg/dl lesser than the values in DN patients. It was further observed that the smocking and hypertension played main role in the prevalence of the disorder.

This study reports the laboratory scale fermentation, compounds purification and bioactivity screening of the strain Streptomyces sp. PU-AK14 isolated from Himalayan mountains range, Pakistan, for its potential to produce antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor compounds. For this purpose, laboratory fermentation (20 L working volume) was performed followed by extraction of the compounds by XAD adsorbent gel using the solvents methanol and ethyl acetate. Further purification of the compounds was done by silica gel column chromatography, sephadex column and preparative TLC. A total of 18 partially purified compounds were retrieved from crude extract and were screened for biological activity. The crude extract was more active against gram negative bacteria with MIC of 0.1 mg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Eight of the partially purified compounds exhibited activity against MRSA whereas five fractions were active against gram negative bacteria. Seven partially purified fractions exhibited promising antioxidant activity with radical scavenging activity ranging from 78.2 to 42.34 percent. Cytotoxicity of partially purified compounds ranged from 75% to 100% larval mortality at 100mg/ml against Artemia salina and 50% to 52% cell mortality against HCT 116 colorectal cancer cell line at 100mg/ml. The best anti-tumor activity was exhibited by the fraction AK141111L. The study suggested that Streptomyces sp. PU-AK14 is a potential source of chemotherapeutically useful compounds.

This research was carried out to study correlation & regression analysis in bread wheat at Southern Wheat and Barley Research Institute, Tandojam in RCBD with three replications. The results showed that most of the traits were significantly different at (P≤0.01) among the genotypes. Correlation analysis showed that spikelets per spike had a positive and highly significant association with biological yield per plan (r = 0.82**). Among the F2 crosses, days to 75% heading was significantly and positively associated with the grain yield (r = 0.80**). The trait tillers per plant had a positive association of significance with grain yield per plant (r = 0.86**) and biological yield per plant (g) (r = 0.84**). Regression analysis showed that the contribution rate of plant height to the change of grain yield was 0.47%; although the contribution to the variation of grain yield per plant was 08.21%. Spike length and spikelets per spike contributed 51.99% and 57.02% to the variation of grain yield per spike. The same character, grain yield was also contributed by grains per spike and seed index with the change of 58.99% and 78.36%. Above mentioned studies have shown that seed index, tillers per plant and spike length can be used to increase the grain yield of wheat genotypes to develop wheat varieties.

Pakistan is a more peculiar and hearty zone for almost all types of date palm cultivars but only District Khairpur Mirs of Sindh is regarded as “Khajeen jo dees”. The field survey-based research study was conducted at Taluka Kingri, District Khairpur during, 2017-18. The present study was sought on viz., Aseel, Nar-aseel, Fasly, Karbalian, Otakin, Daki-wari, Asul-kurh, Kashoo-wari, Asul-khurmo, Dedhi-wari, Lessoro, Begun-wari, Gajar-wari, Noori-wari and Nakul-kurh date palm varieties. All the novel already cultivated varieties were observed through random selection against the population density of Batrachedra amydraula. The pest data was taken every week from April, May and June months in both years of the study period. The pest data was gathered from 15 acres of cultivated Phoenix dactylifera orchards and prohibited to any insecticides. The maximum suspected pest infestation was found on Fasli cultivar whereas; the minimum infestation was recorded on Aseel. This commercial high-priced variety is found with high tolerance capability against salinity, drought, and upper range temperature conditions and hence recommended for cultivation. In the present study, it was frequently observed the appearance of the Batrachedra amydraula on all novel cultivars. The “Khajoor” is the cash crop and the main economic source of livelihood of this region but for a few decades, LDM has leads productivity reduction in terms of quantity and quality. The food security and socio-economic status of date palms are poorly documented in Pakistan. In this context for date palm crop security, more work should be carried on against population reduction of LDM.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a condition in which micro-organisms multiply within the tract to establish infection. The aim of this study was to assess bacteriological profiling of UTI in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Isolation and identification of bacterial uropathogens were carried out using standard microbiological methods such as microscopic analysis, cultural characteristics, and biochemical testing. A total of 320 urine samples were investigated for bacteriological analysis. Among them, 116 (36.26%) urine samples yielded bacterial growth, which included 74 (23.12%) female and 42 (13.13%) male patients. Bacterial distribution revealed that the most frequent isolate was Escherichia. coli which accounted 60.34% (n=70) of the isolates followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.79% (n=16), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.76% (n=9), Enterococcus spp. 7.76% (n=9), Streptococcus spp. 4.31% (n=5), Staphylococcus aureus 3.4% (n=4), Proteus mirabilis 2.59% (n=3). It is concluded that the, bacteriological profiling of urine samples revealed seven different uropathogens circulating in Hyderabad with high prevalence of E. coli.

Vaccination serves as a straightforward and efficient method for preventing numerous infectious diseases in animals. One such disease is contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), a severe lung ailment affecting small ruminants. This research aimed to create a vaccine utilizing Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) isolated from KPK, Pakistan. The local Mccp strain was rendered inactive alongside saponin, a substance, to produce the vaccine. The viable count of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) was determined to be 1x108 CFU/mL from the stock culture, with an estimated protein content of 0.2g/ml. The developed vaccine underwent testing and comparison with a standard CCPP vaccine in sheep to assess safety and efficacy. Twelve experimental sheep were divided into three groups: A, B, and C. Group A received the new vaccine, group B received the standard vaccine, and group C acted as the control. Groups A and B were further split into two subsets: one remained healthy while the other fell ill. The sheep were closely monitored for any changes over a 75-day post-vaccination period. Blood samples were analyzed for antibodies, showing average antibody GMT titers of 24.3, 84.4, and 128 on days 21, 28, and 35 post-immunization. By day 35, sheep vaccinated with the new vaccine displayed the highest antibody levels. The quadratic relationship (R2) indicated that both saponized and lyophilized vaccines were influenced by the number of days by 57.4% and 55%, respectively. The new vaccine demonstrated superior efficacy in sheep compared to the standard vaccine, with saponin playing a role in its effectiveness. The study successfully deactivated Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capripneumoniae cells with autoclaved saponin, ensuring a sterile vaccine. In vivo testing in rabbits confirmed the vaccine's safety, while serum analysis in sheep revealed protective antibody responses, with the saponized vaccine eliciting higher titers than the lyophilized version. These findings suggest the potential efficacy of the saponized vaccine against Mccp infection

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are included in vital crops in the world with respect to its nutritious and economic value. Botrytis grey mold, also called noble rot, harms grapes and wine quality caused by Botrytis cinerea. Other than chemicals Trichoderma species considered as important bio control agents for management of post-harvest diseases. The current study was designed to evaluate Trichoderma species for their Micoparasitic ability using a modification of a pre-colonized plate method. In-vitro efficacy of flaxseed oil against the Botrytis cinerea of grapes were determined using disc diffusion technique with different oil concentrations 0.2%, 0.6%, and 0.8%. In-vivo efficacy of most effective formulated and non-formulated Trichoderma concentrations was determined by applying on grape bunches against Botrytis cinerea. Trichoderma Harzianum is more effective and showed 67.5% growth inhibition than Trichoderma Viridae having 64% growth inhibition while flaxseed oil with 0.2%, o.6% and 0.8% concentrations showed 30.19%, 33.32% and 34.89% growth inhibition against botrytis cinerea respectively. In water-based Trichoderma concentrations (1×10⁸) showed maximum growth inhibition after 6 days that was 76.46%. However, it was observed that the percent disease severity index of the grape fruits in oil-based formulation showed 16 %, 20 %, and 18% after the 9 days of incubation whereas the water-based Trichoderma formulations showed 20%, 22%, 24% respectively as compared with control. Trichoderma species can be considered as bio-control agent while emulsion oil can be used for better shelf life.

Previous studies have demonstrated that probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum CS was able to generate an appreciable amount of extracellular amylase, hence the need to purify and characterize it. The aim of the study was to purify and characterize crude amylase from probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum CS for its industrial applications Three purification steps including ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl sephadex and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 were utilized. The homogeneity of the purified enzyme was confirmed using sodium deodocyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The purified amylase was characterized on different parameters including substrates hydrolyses, pH and temperature activity and stability profiles. The general purification elution profile revealed two different peaks of amylase activities with outstanding one having a molecular weight of 59.7kDa. Its purification fold was 4.0 with specific activity of 16.44U/mg protein and enzyme yield of 3%. Temperature optimal activity and stability was at 400C and 7.5 for pH activity and stability. Mangenese (Mn2+) (135.17%), tween 80 (128.30%) and some food condiments garlic, thyme, ginger, and tumeric) significantly (p> 0.05) enhanced amylase activity (≥262.40%). However, selenium (Se4+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were observed to have greatest inhibiting effect (≥30.9%) on the enzyme. Substrate hydrolysis profiles showed that the amylase hydrolyzed all the test starchy substrates with the highest hydrolytic potential on indigenous sweet potato starch (Km value/ Vmax of 1.33mg/ml/ 7.89ml). The rate of hydrolysis of other test substrates had yam> rice>cassava>corn with km values ≤ 4.0mg/ml and Vmax ≤ 25ml. The obtained results gave an insight that amylase produced from Lactobacillus plantarum CS met with the possessed properties suitable for any industrial application especially in food

The famous phrase "Let food be the medicine" (attributed to Hippocrates) basis for both food science and nutraceuticals. Numerous bioactive substances can be found in food components, such as nutritional elements like proteins, carbs, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids, as well as primary and secondary metabolites. Functional foods have a greater importance for their health benefits above and beyond basic nutritional requirements. Demand for functional foods is rising as individuals become more conscious of how their diet affects their health. Prebiotics are short-chain carbohydrates that promotes the growth of healthy bacteria, are converted into fatty acids in the colon, and help the body absorb calcium and magnesium. Intestinal cancer risk is also reduced by them. However, animal products also include useful components such bioactive peptides, conjugated linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3, -6, and -9 polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, and prebiotics. The review seeks to provide readers with a comprehensive perception of the potential applications of the functional food components present in food extracts. Furthermore, Research is necessary to develop novel functional foods, with exact health benefits from understanding these foods and functional elements in food play a vital role in preserving good health in the future.

The present research study was conducted at the experimental field condition of Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Southern Zone Agricultural Research Centre, University of Karachi, to compare the field performance of different neem oil derivatives doses with Imidacloprid, sprayed on okra crop against the jassid population. The experiments were carried out RCBD with the application of four treatments, including three different concentrations of neem oils at (2%, 1.5%, and 1%) with the comparison of Imidacloprid pesticide and control. Neem oil was selected as a natural pesticide against jassid population reduction on okra crop. All the treatments were sprayed twice and data were recorded before 24h of pre-treatment and post-treatment at 48h, 72h, and 144h, respectively. The overall maximum reduction % after the application of Imidacloprid against the jassid population was calculated (61.51%) in 1st spray and (58.25%) 2nd spray, followed by (43.01%), (39.75%) at 2%, consequent to (32.50%), (29.75%), at 1.5% and (25.55%), (24.52%) at 1%, respectively. The maximum efficacy in neem oil concentration was recorded at 2% followed by 1.5%, and 1% but all neem oil concentrations including Imidacloprid observed effective from the 1st day up to the 6th post-spray days. All neem oil concentrations after 24h, 48h, 72h, and 144h of post-spray found significantly different at (P< 0.05). The application of neem oil, 2% caused the phytotoxicity reduction in okra plants. Thus, it is recommended that the bio-pesticide should be applied at 1.5% neem oil concentration against the jassid pest population.