The Republic of Moldova regards European integration as a strategic pillar of development, with the cadastral-real estate sector playing a key role in strengthening legal security, administrative transparency, and territorial governance. Between 2023–2025, major reforms were implemented: the establishment of the Public Institution “Real Estate Cadastre,” the digitalization of registers, the introduction of the Real Estate Price Register, and the modernization of the normative framework (Civil Code, Land Code, Cadastre Law, Condominium Law). These measures mark the transition toward a European model of efficient and transparent property administration. A comparative analysis with Romania and the Netherlands highlights convergences such as the cost-recovery principle, the digital integration of land and cadastre registers, and the interoperability of geospatial systems (eTerra, MyEterra, PDOK), while also revealing differences in institutional maturity, financial autonomy, and full digitalization of processes, which are more advanced in Western Europe. The research is based on comparative legal analysis and is supported by international benchmarks and policy frameworks developed by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and United Nations (UN) reflecting contemporary approaches to digital governance and sustainable land administration.

In the context of accelerated urbanization, sustainable development, and cultural heritage protection, fostering ethical conduct and social responsibility in architecture becomes essential for adequately addressing the challenges of contemporary society. The lack of effective integration of ethical and social principles in university education can limit the ability of future architects to make responsible decisions and respond to community needs. Research objective: To analyze the role of university education in developing architects’ social and moral responsibility, emphasizing the importance of the responsibility dimension in shaping students’ ethical and civic competencies. The study is based on an analysis of both local and international specialized literature and highlights the integration of ethical and social principles into the curriculum, as well as the role of professors in shaping moral conduct. The focus is on developing creativity, social responsibility, and the ability to make decisions that positively impact the community and the built environment. The results confirm that university education is a determining factor in strengthening the social and professional responsibility of architects, preparing them to face professional challenges within an ethical and responsible framework.

Land reform remains a critical challenge in Southern Africa, with efforts to address historical land injustices often falling short. Despite the adoption of progressive policies, gaps in policy frameworks and poor implementation hinder meaningful transformation. The paper examines land reform policies in Southern African countries, with a focus on South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. It focuses on the disconnect between policy formulation and execution, arguing that the lack of coherent, context-specific policies has led to slow progress and entrenched inequalities. Using a qualitative research approach, the paper analyzes secondary data, including policy documents, government reports, and academic literature employing thematic analysis to identify key themes. Policy Implementation Theory was used to analyze the gap between policy design and execution, while Institutional Theory explored how governance structures and socio-economic contexts shape land reform outcomes. The paper finds that weak governance, political resistance, resource limitations, and fragmented institutional structures hinder effective land reform. Additionally, socio-cultural factors, including gender inequality and elite capture, further complicate the process. Ultimately, the paper concludes with actionable recommendations for strengthening policy frameworks, emphasizing the need for context-specific policies, robust governance, stakeholder engagement, and post-settlement support to ensure the success of land reform.

The present study underscores the pedagogical significance of teaching idiomatic expressions in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom—an aspect frequently overlooked or undervalued in language instruction. Some educators perceive idioms as excessively challenging for novice learners, while others fail to extend the idiomatic repertoire of intermediate and advanced students in pedagogically meaningful ways. Consequently, this article seeks to encourage English language teachers to integrate idiomatic expressions systematically into their instructional practice by selecting items that correspond to learners’ proficiency levels and communicative needs. The paper further aims to elucidate the concept of the idiom by examining diverse taxonomies and exploring how these classifications can inform the development of effective teaching strategies in the EFL context. Mastery of idiomatic language not only facilitates greater fluency and more nativelike expression but also enhances learners’ understanding of the sociocultural and pragmatic dimensions of English. Furthermore, engagement with idiomatic expressions promotes linguistic awareness and cognitive flexibility, prompting learners to reflect critically on their own language use. Although the acquisition of idioms presents notable challenges, their pedagogical value remains undeniable, as idioms are often regarded as the “soul of the language,” enriching communication with cultural depth, expressiveness, and stylistic sophistication.

This study reviews the literature on environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors and their impact on corporate behavior and financial performance, highlighting the challenges of standardizing ESG data and aligning regulatory efforts with market needs. Market participants use ESG information; thus, a solid framework is essential for understanding its effect on financial outcomes. The lack of standardization creates uncertainty, reduces disclosure reliability, and limits investors’ informed decision-making. This paper addresses three key themes: the impact of ESG on corporate financial performance, inconsistencies in ESG disclosures and ratings that create data ambiguity, and the influence of evolving global ESG regulations. Drawing on numerous academic articles from reputable journals covering trends in emerging and mature markets, the review employs a systematic literature review (SLR) to identify themes and gaps. Findings indicate that ESG integration generally produces positive or neutral financial outcomes, though regional differences exist, and inconsistent data affects ratings. The study contributes by examining ESG frameworks, categorizing their effects on companies and investments, and emphasizing the need for standardized ESG data to enhance transparency, reduce greenwashing, and support informed, sustainable investment decisions.

This paper explores sustainable methods of textile dyeing using natural pigments, taken from plant sources (walnut leaves and hibiscus) and pathogenic pigments bacteria. The theoretical section provides an overview of natural dyes, their chromatic and functional potential, and bio-dyeing techniques. The experimental research involved the preparation of textile samples made of cotton, linen, wool, and silk, followed by the application of natural pigments under varying conditions of time, temperature, and pH. Significant differences in pigment absorption were observed depending on the fibre composition, exposure time, and colour modifiers used. Animal-based fibres demonstrated higher colour intensity, while plantbased fibres yielded softer, pastel tones. Solid powdered pigments were also extracted and preserved for potential reuse. Additionally, bacterial dyeing was applied to create spontaneous and organic visual prints with promising applications in artistic and bio-inspired textile design. The results confirm the viability of bio-coloration methods in contemporary textile practices and support the transition to environmentally responsible solutions. Future research directions include testing light and wash fastness, expanding the bacterial pigment palette, and integrating these innovative dyeing methods into functional and smart textiles.

As public administrations at the EU, national, regional, and municipal levels increasingly rely on digital systems to deliver public services, the need for secure, interoperable, and policy-compliant data exchange becomes critical. This paper presents LexChain, a decentralized data-sharing framework designed to address the technical and governance challenges of multi-level e-Governance. Built on a permissioned Ethereum-based blockchain, LexChain combines smart contracts, a decentralized identity system (LexID), and client-side encryption with data fragmentation to enable secure, auditable, and autonomous collaboration between institutions. By storing encrypted file fragments across public cloud providers and recording all metadata and access events on-chain, LexChain ensures that public sector entities can exchange information with full control, without relying on central intermediaries. The system supports interoperability across administrative levels while preserving compliance with privacy and audit requirements. This contribution demonstrates how blockchain-based architectures can strengthen digital trust, transparency, and coordination across multi-tier governance structures.

The article analyzed the challenges faced by employees and employers involved in the process of workforce digitalization. The challenges arising from workforce digitalization, job task transformations, the complexity of professional skills and the quality of jobs were highlighted. The issues related to how workforce digitalization has affected the business environment, in terms of planning, management, coordination and control of work within the economic entity were addressed.

In the course of the research, the relationship between inbound tourism and domestic tourism was analyzed as complementary pillars of the tourism market in the Republic of Moldova, as well as their joint contribution to economic growth, social cohesion, and the promotion of the national image. The motivation for the research stemmed from the increasingly important role of tourism in sustainable development and from Moldova’s recent international recognition, having been ranked among the Top 10 best-performing European tourist destinations in 2025. The main hypothesis formulated on the basis of the research results assumes that the expansion of inbound tourism, supported by domestic demand, strengthens the country’s international visibility and contributes to the growth of the Gross Domestic Product and employment. The purpose of the study was to analyze the dynamics of inbound and domestic tourism and to assess their impact on the socio-economic development of the Republic of Moldova. The methodology applied combined quantitative analysis of statistical indicators for the period 2015–2024 with qualitative interpretation of policy measures and promotional outcomes. The research findings indicated a steady postpandemic increase in tourist flows, a 62% rise in international arrivals compared to 2019, and an increase in tourism’s contribution to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product to 1.8% in 2024. The conclusions highlighted that the synergy between domestic and inbound tourism enhances the competitiveness of the tourism sector and strengthens the image of the Republic of Moldova as an authentic and sustainable European destination.

The article includes an analysis in order to ensure the formation of specialized language among foreign medical students, practical application and deep understanding of concepts in the medical field are necessary. Functional teaching strategies are essential because they place medical terms in real contexts, allowing students from the Faculty of Medicine no.2 (international students) to associate them with clinical manifestations, treatment decisions, and patient interactions; they encourage foreign students to think beyond the simple name, they must analyze, compare, evaluate, and synthesize information to master the specialized language. Functional teaching strategies train students to use terms correctly, precisely and unambiguously; they help foreign students practice interacting with the patient, transforming them from a passive receiver of information into an active participant in the learning process. Functional teaching strategies transform learning specialized language from a rote memorization activity into a dynamic, contextualized process essential for the development of future healthcare professionals, capable of thinking critically, communicating effectively, and ensuring patient safety.