Objective: The introduction of the rotavirus vaccine (RVV) in India is one of the major achievements of the immunization program of India. Faced with various challenges, including different product specifications and competing for other program priorities, the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in the universal immunization program was a monumental task. Considering the successful introduction of RVV, there is a need for a knowledge transfer tool that can enable policymakers and other countries to adopt it to formulate informed strategies and introduce new vaccines. Methods: The review was conducted in two phases. In the first stage, a literature review was conducted to identify and analyze all the published literature on Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model and RVV introduction in India. In the second phase, an analysis of the shortlisted literature was conducted utilizing the framework method. Results: Following the analysis, several similarities were observed between the approach to rotavirus vaccine introduction, and BOT model. Hence, based on the above analogy new public health project implementation framework, TaBLET (Technical Advice, Build capacity, Leverage partnerships, Engineer innovations, Transfer assets) approach, was proposed. Conclusion: This article has proposed a new TaBLET approach adapted from the BOT model. The RVV introduction has shown that a project implementation framework like TaBLET can be successfully employed for efficiently utilizing existing resources, increased outreach with existing human resources, and complete transfer of tangible and intangible assets, which can be imbibed in the existing health system. This article highlights the genesis and the multifactorial benefits of the TaBLET approach in introducing new vaccines as well as in other allied health care programs.

Background: Health care practitioners are recognized to have a large influence in shaping uptake of vaccine in new borns, children, adolescents, as well as adults. Parents remain more secure in their decisions when health care practitioners communicate successfully with them about vaccine dangers and benefits, the value as well as necessity for vaccinations, as well as vaccine safety. Thus, immunization remain the foundation of the primary health care system, an indisputable human right as well as a global health and development success story, saving millions of lives yearly. Recently, we have vaccines to prevent more than 20 life threatening diseases, helping people of all ages live longer, healthier lives. Yet despite tremendous progress, far too many people around the world, including nearly 20 million infants yearly have insufficient access to vaccines. In some countries, progress has stalled or even reversed, and there is a real risk that complacency will undermine past achievements. Purpose: The current study aimed to explores vaccine hesitancy, its barriers and impact studies regarding COVID-19 decision impacts. Also, to provides policy and decision makers and operational staff with evidence to inform decisions to promote vaccine uptake across Bayelsa State. Methods: A literature review tried to do a deep dive by using a variety of search engines such as Scopus, Research Gate, Mendeley, Summon, PubMed, Google Scholar, Hinari, Dimension, Academia, CAB Abstract, OARE Abstract, SSRN search strategy to retrieve research publications, “grey literature” and expert working group reports, including author’s field experience. Findings: Absence of uniform methods of organization in the various health care facilities upon which we were obliged to rely. Thus affecting the overall immunization programme and health system. Hence policy must urgently address these challenges with emphasis on policy clarity while continuously improving infrastructure. Conclusions: Bayelsa State is categorized as low/poor performing as the findings suggest that the involvement of community based leaders can improve community participation and acceptance, while enhancing and strengthening integrated disease surveillance and Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) monitoring and reporting systems; and conducting integrated advocacy and communications activities to promote demand for vaccination as part of increasing overall demand and acceptability of all essential Primary Health Centers (PHC) services, thus, breaking barriers of vaccine hesitancy.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is pandemic across the world since the severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 emerged in December 2019. The most efficient method to defend COVID 19 is vaccine. Here, we used HEK293 cell line to produce the recombinant protein and compared several vaccine candidates’ efficiency. The structures of the candidates were designed based on the S1 protein and RBD region. After three doses, the vaccines induced SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies in mice which presented high titers. The maximum neutralization activity could reach more than 90% without inflammation suggesting the great neutralizing ability against SARS-CoV-2. Significance statement: The COVID-19 has threatened human beings since 2019. This paper reveals a new recombinant protein vaccine that could induce mice immunity against the coronavirus. It compared the efficacy of different potential vaccines expressed by human embryonic kidney 293 cell. It showed the difference of them and helps people learn more about the COVID-19 subunit vaccines.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are crucial tools to prevent most people from contracting the disease and getting out of the pandemic. However, getting people to accept these vaccines remains a challenge, especially for many African countries. This study aimed to assess the dynamic of knowledge, perceptions and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in the Congolese population. To do this, we conducted series of cross-sectional surveys in Brazzaville, before (February10 to March 22, 2021) during (August 3 to September 4, 2021) the vaccine rollout. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to collect data from participants, and the chi-square test was performed to compare data between both study periods. The statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Of the 806 and 768 participants surveyed, only 234 (29.03%) and 282 (37.2%) showed fairly good knowledge of covid-19 vaccines (score >50%) before and during the vaccine rollout, respectively. Approximately 57.8% of the participants exhibited a positive perception towards COVID-19 vaccines prior to the vaccine rollout. This proportion dropped significantly at 50.15% in AugustSeptember, while the rate of hesitancy and refusal to be vaccinated significantly increased (45.53% vs 57.26%; P<0.001). Before the vaccine rollout, 439 (54.47%) of participants intended to be vaccinated, whereas they were only 324 (42.74%) during the vaccine rollout (P<0.001). It was also found that women were less willing to be vaccinated than men in both study periods. Taken together, this study revealed a low level of knowledge and a lack of confidence towards COVID-19 vaccines in Brazzaville. These findings may inform public health public health authorities in developing relevant strategies that promote COVID-19 vaccines acceptance in Congo.

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is the cause of the pandemic that has affected over 213 countries and there are over 21 million confirmed cases in the United States. Intense research efforts and funding have been placed into diagnostic, prevention, and treatment options. This review evaluates mRNA vaccines, their advantages, limitations, and current progress towards vaccine production. We included current methods of mRNA vaccine production and introduce potential changes in vaccine delivery methods currently being developed to specifically aid in targeting the coronavirus. We evaluated various routes of administration and their potential to allow vaccines to reach the immune system and induce an immune response to produce antibodies and provide immunity. Safety and efficacy have been evaluated in this review of various mRNA clinical trials that aimed to determine if mRNA vaccines can cause antibody production and the types of adverse events associated with them. Although mRNA vaccines are not perfect in design, the possibilities they offer in advancing vaccine research and fighting other viral infections while improving immunity are worth further research.

In the presence of a rapidly progressing pandemic, rapid mitigating measures must be taken to curb further spread of disease. One such measure is the development of vaccines targeted at the disease of interest to induce immunity, preventing further disease transmission. Immunization is the process of rendering an individual immune to a disease, usually via the act of inoculation, or vaccination. Vaccinations provide both direct protection (to immunized individuals) as well as indirect protection (via herd immunity). While essential in the resolution of any pandemic, the “me first” mentality will result in inequitable distribution of vaccines amongst countries and regions. This vast disparity in vaccine distribution will result in far greater global mortality, and measures must be put in place to ensure equitable vaccines allocation.

Background: Developing an effective and safe COVID-19 vaccine is a global public health necessity in containing the pandemic, however, recruiting volunteers can be challenging in a clinical trial phase because of poor knowledge, negative perception, ethical issues and safety concerns.

Current theories utilized to explain vaccination induced diseases center mainly around autoimmune phenomena mediated by molecular mimicry to viral or bacterial antigens, bystander cellular activation, or the presence of adjuvants and hidden toxins in vaccine ingredients. Proponents of these disorders have encountered intense controversial feedback from other vaccine researchers who point out the acknowledged infrequency of vaccine complications, overly simplistic and illogical ideas of aberrant immune activation, disease heterogeneity, vaccine efficacy, and the failure to appreciate benign observations inherent to similar environmental exposures. In this report novel and plausible alternative mechanisms of disease causation are proposed by comparing the initiation and perpetuation of vaccination induced autoimmunity with biochemical and physiological disturbances occurring in seemingly disparate disorders, namely neurologic fatiguing syndromes, breast implant illness, and channelopathies. Such disturbances are capable of producing multiple overlapping amplification loops of immune dysfunction mediated by the deleterious comingling of complex interactions between indigenous host factors, mitochondria, immunocompetent cells and toxic vaccine ingredients, all of which then circuitously reinforce each other in a sustained manner.