An adult changeable hawk eagle (Nisaetus chirratus) was found dead with no significant lesion. Previous health examination showed no abnormality suggesting that the bird underwent sudden death. Necropsy resulted no significant findings except intact living prey stuck at the upper digestive tract and nodular lesion accompanied with cerebral cyst in the cerebrum. Intact lizard body was found in the proventriculus suggesting that the bird showed odd feeding behaviour of failing to macerate the lizard. Thus, mechanical asphyxiation due to proventricular content compression was highly expected as the cause of this sudden death event. A cerebral cyst with nodular masses was present and might become space-occupying lesion in the cerebrum which distorted the cerebral parenchyma and affected the centre of neural response. Histopathology revealed that there were no proliferative reaction and neoplastic growth present. Hence, we presumed that the nodular masses came from outwards compression during the cyst formation.

Nigella sativa known as black cumin has various bioactive compounds to treat many diseases. Some of the benefits of N. sativa seed are as immune booster, antihistamin, anti-diabetic, antihypertension, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumor. This study aimed at determining the antimicrobial activity and finding out the effective concentration of N. sativa seed ethanolic extract on Pasteurella multocida in vitro. N. sativa seed extract was divided into three groups consisting of 15% extract (T1), 25% extract (T2), 45% extract (T3), and chloramphenicol was used as positive control. For antimicrobial test, Kirby Bauer diffusion method was used, and the data were analyzed by ANOVA. The results revealed that T3 had the most effective antimicrobial activity, shown by the largest inhibition zone (17.72 mm), followed by T2 (15.93 mm) and T1 (10.75 mm). ANOVA test results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in each group. The antimicrobial effect of T3 and T2 was categorized as strong, whilst T1 as moderate. From the results it can be concluded that N. sativa seed extract had strong and moderate inhibition activity on the growth of P. multocida, therefore, N. sativa seed is a potential candidate for antimicrobial drug development againts P. multocida.

Water treadmill is a modality in veterinary medical rehabilitation belongs to therapeutic exercise with natural muscle stimulation. Water treadmill use advantageous physical properties of water to improve joint flexibility, endurance, balance, and animal posture by increasing muscle mass and strength, range of motion, and reducing pain. Water treadmills are often used to rehabilitate hind limb musculoskeletal problems in dogs with hip dysplasia. Hip dysplasia can occur in all dog breeds including the Beagle. A five year old Beagle, female sex, weighing 14.60 kg came to the Mody Pet's Club and RnD Clinic with complaints of limping and weakness on his hind legs. The results of the physical examination showed the dog was lame with a score of 2/4. The results of the radiographic examination observed moderate degree of hip dysplasia. Measurement of the thigh muscles showed muscle atrophy. The therapy carried out was therapeutic exercise with a water treadmill every week for ten times. The results of the study concluded that water treadmill therapy provided an improvement in the condition of dogs with moderate hip dysplasia to close to mild hip dysplasia.

Atopic disease remains as an enigmatic hypersensitivity disorder in feline patients. Studies of cutaneous atopic syndrome in cats have reported several reaction patterns in cats, presenting as a diagnostic challenge, and a recent literature review has proposed a new set of terminologies for such diagnoses. This paper aims to report a case workup of feline atopic skin syndrome in a patient presented with severe pruritus and reaction patterns of self-inducd alopecia and facial excoriation. Feline food allergy and flea allergic dermatitis were ruled out by a 6-week elimination diet and use of fluralaner respectively. Clinical symptoms were successfully managed with the use of oral glucocorticoid (GC) and systemic and topical antimicrobial, the use of all of which for 8 weeks was deemed successful based on the degree of clinical relief provided. It is concluded that feline atopic skin syndrome is a clinical diagnosis and pharmacological interventions, including drugs to treat skin inflammation and secondary infection, are warranted.

Providing qualitative and quantitative haematologic references of neglected captive wild animals is pivotal for the sanctuary health management and improvement. Changeable hawk eagles (Nisaetus chirratus) are abundantly kept in sanctuary in which no haematologic reference is ever reported. This study aimed to present the visual keys and morphometric references of changeable hawk eagles’ blood cells as the standard for further haematologic count. The peripheral blood smears were prepared and collected from eight changeable hawk eagles kept at Wildlife Rescue Centre Jogja then stained with 10-fold diluted Giemsa stain following the standard manners. All slides were inspected and captured under camera-equipped microscope which then were morphologically and morphometrically evaluated using ImageJ version 1.52a. As the changeable hawk eagles are naturally present in dark and bright morph, we statistically compared the blood cells morphometric parameters between morph-based groups. Changeable hawk eagles’ erythrocytes were oval shaped with occasional morphologic variation. Leukocyte consisted of polymorphonucleated granulocytes - with exception of basophils which lacked nuclear lobulation - and mononucleated agranulocytes. There were significant differences (P<0.05) of all erythrocyte morphometric parameters, heterophils diameter, and lymphocytes diameter between dark and bright morph group. Overall, the morphologic properties of changeable hawk eagles’ blood cells were visually identical to other avian species though the blood cells morphometry might be comparatively different.

The Chinese believe consuming edible bird’s nests (EBN) can increase immunity to various diseases, including Covid-19. This study attempts to identify SARS COV-2-specific anti-viral and anti-inflammatory agents of EBN. We gathered samples from PubChem and Protein Data Bank (PDB). Afterwards, drug likeness was examined using the Lipinski model from the SCFBIO online service. The PASS web server analyzed the bioactive likelihood of chemicals found in EBN. Using PyRx 0.8 software with the blind docking technique. The PoseView web server and PyMol v2.4.1 software were utilized to ascertain molecular interactions. The in silico results show the potential of EBN as food therapy for Covid-19 sufferers, which is indicated by the presence of bioactive compounds from edible bird’s nest consisting of 9-O-acetylated GD3, glycopeptide, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, sialic acid, and tetra acetyl-thymol-beta-D-glucoside. These bio compounds are predicted to work as anti-viral and anti-inflammatory candidates against SARS-COV-2.

An 11-month-old Guregh dog was admitted to the hospital with history of vomiting and regurgitation, gait disorder and unilateral thread-like hypersalivation for last a few days. Clinical and radiographic examinations revealed quadriplegia, facial paralysis, grave MGCS (5) and VAS (4) scores, severe megaesophagus and gas-filled distended intestines. In hematochemical analysis, leucocytosis due to granulocytosis with polycythemia, elevated BUN, creatinine, CPK and AST levels were determined. During careful clinical examination, engorged ticks were found in the head and neck region of the dog. After excluding diseases that may cause similar symptoms, diagnosis of atypical tick paralysis was made on the basis of clinical findings such as history of vomiting and regurgitation before the onset of gait abnormalities and the presence of megaoesophagus although the patient is less than 1 year old. The clinical appearance, MGCS and VAS scores improved after 5 days of hospitalization period. It was concluded that the presence of megaesophagus in young dogs with vomiting and/or regurgitation before the onset of neurological findings are observed in atypical tick paralysis and hospitalization of the patient, tick removal, supportive treatment administration and MGCS and VAS score assessments provide successful clinical results.

Aim: Avian Influenza (AI) is a zoonotic disease that causes death in poultry and humans. Monitoring the virus needs to be carried out continuously to prevent outbreaks of the disease. Seroprevalence and detection of H5N1 and H9N2 AI virus antigen were intended to monitor the presence of viruses in local chickens in Tabanan, a Regency of the Indonesian island Province of Bali. The research aims were to detect the presence of H5N1 AI virus, and to know the distribution of this virus in Tabanan Regency. Materials and Methods: Research located in six districts of Tabanan regency namely Baturiti, Penebel, Marga, Kediri, Tabanan, and Kerambitan. A total of 1,398 local chickens that never been vaccinated with AI were randomly sampled in this study. The samples collected were serum, cloacal and tracheal swabs. Serum samples were tested with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. While samples of cloacal and tracheal swabs were isolated in 9-day-old germinated chicken eggs, followed by hemagglutination assay and RT-PCR test using H5N1 and H9N2 primers. Results: AI seroprevalence in local chickens in Tabanan Regency was 1% with the distribution in each district as follows; Penebel 1.6%, Kerambitan 1.2%, Marga 1%, while Tabanan, Kediri, and Baturiti 0.7% each. H5N1 AI virus was detected in 11 samples, i.e. five in Marga district and three in Penebel district, two in Kediri, and one in Tabanan, while the H9N2 AI virus was not detected. Conclusion: These results indicate that H5N1 AI virus may still circulate in local chickens in Tabanan Regency, Bali.


 Telemedicine is defined as remote diagnose and patient care using telecommunications technology. Recently telemedicine technology was introduced to the field of veterinary medicine. Due to the nature of telecommunications, a veterinarian will utilize telemedicine technology as a means of assessing patient severity and providing medical advice. The perception of veterinarians, especially small animal practitioners, to telemedicine is influenced by many factors, for example: age, desire (expectation), attention (focus), information obtained, and other factors. This study aims to determine the factors that influence veterinarians' perceptions of telemedicine. This research is expected to be an input in implementing telemedicine in practice. The design of this study is descriptive method, where the sampling method uses a questionnaire filled out by small animal practitioners online. The results showed that the pandemic had no impact on veterinary services. But there is an adaptation of practice procedure. Respondents are neutral towards the application of telemedicine, but the majority of respondents who have implemented telemedicine think that the application of telemedicine has a good impact on health services. There are many obstacles felt by respondents in implementing telemedicine.

ABSTRACT
 
 Edible Bird Nest (EBN) is a food product of animal origin that obtains many benefits for Indonesia's export commodities. EBN contains many nutrients in which it is widely utilized in the health sector. EBN products have been exported to various countries and one of them is China. EBN products exported to China have potential harms such as physical, biological, and chemical hazards that pose risks to human health. Therefore, every product of animal origin needs food safety assurance. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a food safety system developed to identify, evaluate, and control food safety hazards. HACCP is a system developed to prevent or reduce hazards to an acceptable extent during the globally adopted production. Through the implementation of a food safety assurance system in the EBN, it is expected to lower the risk of food hazards. This paper discussed HACCP in ensuring food safety of animal origin, especially Edible Bird Nest to fulfill the export requirements of Edible Bird Nest to China.
 Keywords: Animal-origin Food Safety, HACCP, Edible Bird Nest