Carbon Foot Print (CFP) is a parameter used in appraising and examining office, residential and commercial building’s energy efficiency during design, construction, renovation and operations. It is also a bases of determining the environmental impact of a building at any point of its life-cycle. In this research, data was obtained from measured energy use as opposed to in-situ audited energy use. An E2 Wireless Electricity monitor was used to obtain this data. eQUEST 3-65 software was used for the purpose of simulation of energy consumption. This research indicated a Carbon Foot Print (CFP) of between 21 to 41 kWh/sqm/year for the buildings studied in Nigeria. This gives an average of 31 kWh/sqm/year for the three (3) buildings studied. Similar buildings in North America and Europe have CFP of up to 150 kWh/sqm/year. This low CFP is not unconnected with the fact that these buildings lack standard HVAC equipment and other energy consuming devices that are required standards features in developed regions. On the positive side, this low CFP indicates that the Carbon Foot Print, and by extension, the environmental impact of the buildings in developing regions are also low. This research is part of a larger study on energy use and assessment in developing diaspora. Keywords: Energy Performance, Carbon Emission, HVAC Equipment. DOI: 10.7176/JETP/13-2-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Pipelines facilities, used for the transportation of natural gas in large quantities to homes and industries, remain the best economic, most reliable and safest mode of transport of energy. Despite these numerous advantages, gas pipelines have been enmeshed in various accidents and thefts, nonetheless this could be reduced if properly maintained and pipelines can last indefinitely without leaks. Pipelines are susceptible to leakages and rupture accidents as a result of age, corrosion, material defects, operational errors or other reasons. Pipeline failures may be caused intentionally (e.g. vandalism) or unintentionally (e.g. device/material failure and corrosion), which may result into irreversible damages such as financial losses, human casualties, ecological disaster and extreme environmental pollution. Leakages in natural gas facilities and installations require three vital aspects, namely: Gas Leakage Prevention, Gas Leakage Detection and Gas Leakage Mitigation. Many Gas Leak Detection methods are used for pipeline integrity management and especially for minimizing gas leakage. The performance of these methods depends on the approaches, operational conditions and pipeline networks. Also, there are some essential requirements and guidelines which must be met before we can consider any leak detection system suitable for production solutions, including sensitivity, reliability, accuracy and robustness. The attempt of this study is to carry out a critical review of these models, to ascertain the best model(s) applicable to natural gas leak detection. Keywords: Gas Leak Detection System, Leak Location, Leak Size DOI: 10.7176/JETP/13-2-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Energy trade plays a crucial role in the growth and development of countries, especially for IRAN as one of the world's largest exporters of oil in the world. Identifying the factors that affect exports and their development, along with promoting export performance in the energy sector should be the focus of policy and strategic planning in an internationally competitive environment. Given the importance of energy trade in Iran, this study aimed to analyze the effect of the energy security index on oil exports using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) method. The findings of study reveal that oil exports are negatively affected by oil energy security, i.e., as this unit deteriorates, the index of oil exports increases by over 3%. Furthermore, the study found that GDP and the exchange rate have a positive impact on oil exports, whereas energy prices and population density have an adverse impact. Furthermore, the study's results demonstrate that GDP and exchange rate have a positive effect on oil exports. Based on the findings of this study, first, it can be argued that an independent and powerful institution is essential to monitor and enforce policies, standards, and regulations to enhance energy efficiency. Second, upgrading old technologies, developing new ones, scaling up actions on energy efficiency, and increasing public knowledge and understanding about energy can reduce energy intensity and increase savings. Last but not least, a transition from high-consumption to low-consumption technologies designed to reduce energy consumption and maximize efficiency can increase oil exports. Keywords: Energy Exports, Energy Security Index, Energy Consumption, FMOLS Method JEL Classification : Q4, Q42, Q43, Q47 DOI: 10.7176/JETP/13-2-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Access to clean and affordable electricity in rural areas is very critical towards improved living standards, economic growth, and development of Kenya at large. Kenya has over the years implemented various reforms in the electricity sub-sector with the aim of accelerating the pace of rural electrification. Nevertheless, there is dearth of evidence on the effects of these reforms on rural electrification. The study sought to evaluate the effect of governance reforms in the electricity energy subsector on rural electrification. We adopted a survey design with a sample size of 384 drawn from rural households in Kakamega, Uasin Gishu and Nyandarua counties. Data was collected using questionnaires analysed by both descriptive and multiple logistic regressions. Findings show that enhanced accountability and decentralization in the electricity sub-sector has a positive effect on access to electricity in rural Kenya. Nevertheless, stakeholder participation has no effect on rural electrification. In addition, there is a low level of citizen participation in the rural participation projects. We suggest that the government should sensitize the rural population on the reforms in the electricity sub-sector and provide a platform for citizens to participate in electrification projects. Key Words: Access to electricity, governance reforms, Logistic regression, Rural. DOI: 10.7176/JETP/13-1-08 Publication date: March 31 st 2023

Most of the crude oil production forecasting and modeling studies have focused on the traditional model of decline curve analysis as techniques used for generating forecast values of future oil and gas in place in conventional and unconventional wells. To many production reservoir economists, the importance of forecast estimations is critical because it allows forecast users to have a profound interest in monitoring and improving forecast performance. It also provides clear indications for the directions, strategies, and bottom line of both the National Oil Companies (NOCs) and International Oil Corporations (IOCs). While the traditional DCS model techniques have well-grounded mathematical underlining. This statistical design does necessarily assure that predicated function regardless of the values of the predictive variables. Moreover, the power traditional oil reservoir production forecasting technique is inefficient. This current research attempts to provide appropriate modeling and forecasting techniques for reservoirs utilizing a time series approach. It reveals how the historical oil production data can be used to project future oil reservoir production and how these projections influence future oil reservoir production decisions. Hence, the main objective of this research study to is practically explore the possibility of the autoregressive integrated-moving average model as a feasible function preference for predicting crude oil production. The historical oil reservoir production time series were used to establish respective autoregressive integrated moving average models through the time series technique by Box–Jenkins and the suitable models were designated with four performance criteria: maximum likelihood, standard error, Schwarz Bayesian criterion, and Akaike criterion for seven elected regions oil reservoir production and the established models conformed to the ARIMA ( p , d , q ). Once the process is identified, the adequacy of the forecasts will be determined and compared with the traditional decline curve analysis. Thus, as an accurate and effective oil production prediction for stretching a reservoir life cycle and enhancing reservoir productivity and recovery factors. These results provide production economists and reservoir engineers with quick, reliable, consistent, and real-time guidelines in budgeting, planning, and making decisions regarding field development. Finally, ARIMA forecasting models are more precise and deliver operational efficiency for dynamic forecasting of oil reservoir production. Keywords: Oil and gas production forecasting, decline curve analysis, time series, ARIMA modeling, DOI: 10.7176/JETP/13-1-05 Publication date: February 28 th 2023