In multiple cropping systems, optimizing nitrogen (N) input can mitigate N2O emissions and sustain agricultural productivity in frequently disturbed environments. Nonetheless, there remains a notable gap in understanding the role of soil environment in the N application process. Hence, a three-annual field experiment spanning six growth seasons from 2019 to 2022 was conducted to assess the impacts of surface water filled-pore space (WFPS), NO3−−N, and meteorological factors under combined N applications during garlic (G: 300 and 240 kg N ha−1) and maize seasons (M: 220, 175, and 130 kg N ha−1) on soil N2O emissions and crop yields. The findings showed that reducing the annual N application rate by 45−150 kg ha−1 led to a significant decrease in N2O emission flux by 27.7%−69.4% and 30.7%−53.6% in maize and garlic season respectively, compared to conventional N application (G300M220). However, decreasing N application notably reduced garlic yield by 4.5–22.8%. Furthermore, reducing annual N application decreased net environmental and diminished net environmental and economic benefits (NEEB) by 3.7%−28.9%. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the residual NO3–−N in the soil before nitrogen application significantly influenced short-term N2O emissions post-application, while WFPS exerting a more pronounced effect during the maize season. Precipitation and temperature exhibited contrasting impacts on N2O emissions in the two crop seasons. Principal component analysis revealed that supplemental irrigation enhances crop yield in the maize growing season but also exacerbated N2O emissions due to the alternation of dry and wet conditions. Precipitation in the garlic growing season emerged as a crucial meteorological factor affecting crop yield and N2O emissions. The NEEB analysis suggested that reducing 45 kg N ha−1 in the maize season (G300M175) represents a more balanced N application approach to mitigate productivity and environmental risks in rotation systems. Therefore, accounting for the stimulating effect of soil environmental factors during the short-term N application process, adjusting irrigation practices based on seasonal precipitation and temperature variations can enhance productivity and reduce gaseous nitrogen losses in multiple cropping systems within semi-arid regions.

It is essential for prospective teachers to be skilled in planning learning-teaching processes correctly and using teaching strategies and methods effectively. In this context, it is important for them to have the skills of using learning strategies, mentoring and self-regulation and to work collaboratively. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between mentoring, collaborative work and self-regulation skills of prospective teachers and their ability to use teaching strategies and methods. The study, which was designed with the correlational survey model, was conducted in 5 different universities in Kazakhstan in the academic year 2022-2023. The research sample consisted of 253 prospective teachers. According to the findings of the study, prospective teachers' mentoring, collaborative work, self-regulation skills, and use of teaching strategies and methods were found to be at a moderate level. According to another finding of the study, prospective teachers' mentoring, collaborative working and self-regulation skills and their ability to use instructional strategies and methods increased significantly as the grade level increased. Finally, according to the regression analysis, mentoring, collaborative work and self-regulation skills of prospective teachers significantly predicted their ability to use instructional strategies and methods.

A comparative study of the physicochemical properties of natural bentonite clays of Pogodayevo (Republic of Kazakhstan, mod. 1) and Dash-Salakhli (Republic of Azerbaijan, mod. 2) deposits and modification of the bentonite clay with polyhydroxocations of iron (III) and aluminium (III). The amount of bentonite in the concentration of iron (aluminum) was 5 mmol Me3+/g. It was established that the modification of natural bentonites using polyhydroxocations of iron (III) (mod. 1_Fe_5-c, mod. 2_Fe_5-c) and aluminum (III) (mod. 1_Al_5-c, mod. 2_Al_5-c) by the method of “co-precipitation” leads to a change in their chemical composition, structural and sorption properties. The results showed that hydroxy-aluminum cations ([Al3O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+) and poly-hydroxyl-Fe or polyoxo-Fe were intercalated into clay layers, which led to an increase in the values of d001 and specific surface areas compared to those of the original bentonite, from 37 to 120 m2/g for the Pogodaevo bentonite and from 51 to 172 m2/g respectively, for bentonite from the Dash-Salakhli deposit. It is shown that modified sorbents based on natural bentonite are finely porous objects with a predominance of pores of 1.5–8.0 nm in size. As a result, there is a significant increase in the specific surface area of sorbents. Modification of bentonite with polyhydroxocations of iron (III) and aluminum (III) by the “co-precipitation” method also leads to an increase in the sorption capacity of the sorbents obtained with respect to nickel (II) cations. Modified bentonites were used for the adsorption of Ni (II) ions from the model solution. Ni (II) was absorbed in a neutral pH solution. The study of equilibrium adsorption showed that the data are in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity of the Ni (II) obtained from the Langmuir equation was 25.0 mg/g (mod. 1_Al_5-c), 18.2 mg/g (mod. 2_Al_5-c) for Al-bentonite and 16.7 mg/g (mod. 1_Fe_5-c), 10.1 (mod. 2_Fe_5-c) for Fe-bentonite. The kinetics of adsorption is considered. The high content of Al-OH anion exchange centers in them determines the higher sorption activity of Al-modified bentonites.

The relevance of the present research is related to the great importance of Karakul sheep breeding in Kazakhstan and the insufficient investigation of morphological features of the skin and hair cover of Karakul lambs in modern literature. The purpose of the research was to explore the specific features of hair pigmentation and histological structure of the skin of Karakul lambs of different colour groups: black, sur, grey, and brown. The work involved the standard methods of assessing the pigment content in the hair of lambs and methods of histological studies. The study utilised statistical methods including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, one-factor analysis of variance, Fisher's F-criterion, and the Bonferroni method, with data processed through the "PASW Statistics 17" and "Statistica 6.0" software packages. The results of the research demonstrate that the pigment content in the hair of new-born Karakul lambs depends on their colouring. Differences in pigment precipitation between different colour groups of lambs were established: pigment grains in black hairs and suras were larger, in comparison with brown and grey hairs, in which pigment was represented by the smallest grains. At the age of 19days, no significant changes in the colouring of the lambs examined were found (p > 0.05), whereas on reaching 4months of age, depigmentation (p < 0.05) was noted in all colour groups, which was slower in black lambs.

Today the integration of renewable energy production technologies into power systems brings a new challenge in terms of optimal usage of renewable. It is known that due to the discontinuous nature of renewable energy, the challenge can be associated with the presence of unwanted voltage fluctuations and power losses in power grids. This study performs optimization of the calculation of hosting capacity to determine the maximum amount of renewable energy that can be further expanded. This can be possible by energy storage deployment on the same power grids. The battery storages are expected to have power injection and absorption associated with discharging and charging of energy storages, respectively, to solve voltage fluctuations and power disturbances. Thus, to enhance the probability of distributed generation penetration, it is necessary to have optimal allocation and size during the renewable energy penetration in low-voltage distribution networks. Global optimization as a genetic algorithm (GA) method is used during hosting capacity assessment. The results show that using GA-based optimization, total cost and loss can be reduced by 38.8 and 73%, respectively. The practical results are verified by the IEEE-33 bus system.

The key aspect discussed in this article is the effectiveness of introducing digital and web-based technologies into present-day middle school physical education. An experimental digital technology-based training course was launched in four comprehensive educational schools in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It involved the use of accelerometers during lessons as well as the Facebook social media platform for exchanging subject-related information. The student’s physical activity was measured during each physical education lesson throughout the semester (comprising a total of 50 sessions). The total student sample consisted of 338 students (191 girls and 147 boys), with the mean age of participants being 13.2 ± 1.05 years. At the baseline stage of the study and after the course, the students underwent a series of physical fitness tests, such as running a 60-meter sprint, long jumps, ball throwing, and pull-ups. Following that, they took a Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. The results have shown that the incorporation of digital technologies increased students' physical activity. If before the intervention, the physical activity of the students during the lesson, on average across the sample (n=338), corresponded to light physical activity, then after the intervention, it shifted to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Furthermore, a significant enhancement in academic performance and motivation has been documented. The findings of this study are of great importance to all physical education teachers who are involved in the introduction of new technologies in the educational process, as well as to other representatives of the educational field. Keywords: academic performance; physical activity; motivation; accelerometer; social media; sedentary behaviour.

This study focuses on evaluating the efficacy of biofilm-enhanced natural zeolite for the purification of slaughterhouse wastewater. The investigation encompasses four distinct treatment methods: employing natural zeolite without biofilm, integrating biofilm into 1–2 mm particle size natural zeolite, enhancing biofilm in less than 4 mm particle size natural zeolite, and introducing biofilm in less than 8 mm particle size natural zeolite. The outcomes underscore the substantial improvement brought about by biofilm incorporation. For instance, within the natural zeolite treatment system without biofilm, the final effluent retained 28 NTU of turbidity. In contrast, utilizing the &lt;8 mm particle size with biofilm resulted in 3.2 NTU of turbidity in the treated effluent, 2.45 NTU for the &lt;4 mm particle size with biofilm, and 1.02 NTU for the 1–2 mm particle size zeolite system with biofilm. Notably, the achieved removal rates were significant, reaching 79.88% for natural zeolite without biofilm, 97.69% for the &lt;8 mm particle size with biofilm, 99.27% for the &lt;4 mm particle size with biofilm, and 98.24% for the 1–2 mm particle size zeolite system with biofilm. It is noteworthy that the removal efficiencies varied from 50 to 100% for wastewater samples subjected to the treatment system without biofilm, 65.7–100% with the &lt;8 mm particle size biofilm, 71.4–100% with the &lt;4 mm particle size biofilm, and 71.7–100% with the 1–2 mm particle size zeolite system biofilm. These findings collectively emphasize the pivotal role of biofilm in enhancing treatment outcomes, presenting a promising avenue for optimizing wastewater treatment efficiency.

It can be said that self-efficacy perceptions of using the Internet for intercultural communication purposes is a characteristic that can be developed by putting computer and Internet use skills into practice. Before starting the studies to improve this characteristic, there is a need for research to reveal the current situation. The purpose of this study is to examine the intercultural communication competencies and internet self-efficacy of prospective prospective primary school teachers in Kazakhstan in a relational way. In this study, since it is aimed to examine whether these two variables differ in terms of gender and professional seniority by examining the contribution of internet self-efficacy scores in predicting intercultural communication competence scores of teachers, a relational survey model with descriptive method was used. The research sample consists of prospective primary school teachers at two different universities, in which there are different campuses in Taldykorgan, Ural, Almaty and Semey in Kazakhstan in the 2022-2023 academic year. In this context, questionnaires were collected from 261 teachers through face-to-face questionnaires. According to the findings of the study, teachers' intercultural competence and Internet self-efficacy were found to be at a moderate level. Participant prospective teachers' intercultural competence and Internet self-efficacy differed in relation to gender and age. Finally, internet self-efficacy of prospective primary school teachers significantly predicted their intercultural competence.

In this study, current issues related to Kazakh children's games were examined and the importance of games on Kazakhstan's culture was discussed. While determining the experimental and control groups in the study, 105 pupils from the 4th grade of two primary schools in Kazakhstan, who were determined by unbiased assignment, were assigned to 2 experimental and a control groups consisting of 35 pupils. In the study, online-based educational games in Experiment A group, online-based and face-to-face game activities in Experiment B group, and traditional teaching practice in control group were carried out. At the beginning of the study, "Traditional Kazakh Games Achievement Test", "Attitude Towards Traditional Games Scale" and "Cultural Value Perception Scale" were applied to all three groups for pre-test purposes. The data collected in line with the purpose of the study were analyzed using statistical analysis techniques appropriate to the characteristics of the data and a quantitative statistical program was used in a computer environment. The findings obtained were presented in tables. For this purpose, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Sheffe test were used. As a result of the research, pupils in experimental group A, in which online-supported educational games were applied, and in experimental group B, in which online and face-to-face educational games were applied together, achieved higher achievement levels and positive attitudes compared to the control group, which was applied traditional education.

Acipenser baerii (Siberian sturgeon) is native to Kazakhstan and is currently endangered and is listed within the first class of protected animals. Sturgeon aquaculture is becoming an important tool for the recovery of this endangered species. Nonetheless, diseases involving typical symptoms of skin ulceration and systemic bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia have occurred in cultured A. baerii on a fish farm located in Western Kazakhstan. In this study, an infectious strain of bacteria isolated from an ulcer of diseased A. baerii was identified as Aeromonas salmonicida (strain AB001). This identification involved analyses of 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoD, and flaA genes’ sequences. Even though strain AB001 belongs to A. salmonicida, it exhibited noticeable mobility and growth at temperatures of ≥37 °C. Profiling of virulence genes uncovered the presence of seven such genes related to pathogenicity. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed that the strain is sensitive to aminoglycosides, amphenicols, nitrofurans, quinolones, and tetracyclines. Half-lethal doses (LD50) of strain AB001 for Oreochromis mossambicus and A. baerii were determined: respectively 1.7 × 108 and 7.2 × 107 colony-forming units per mL. The experimentally induced infection revealed that strain AB001 causes considerable histological lesions in O. mossambicus, including tissue degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhages of varied severity.