The Tondano river estuary waters is located in the Manado city, North Sulawesi Province. Receiving inputs from rural, urban, hydropower, agriculture, plantation, livestock, and industrial activities is high enough to cause a decrease in the quality of Tondano river estuary waters. The aim of this research is to analyze the pollutant load from Tondano river and the assimilation capacity of Tondano river estuary waters. The study was conducted in December 2016 - January 2017 in the waters of the Tondano river estuary. The research method refers to the approach of measuring pollution load of river estuary. Multiplication of concentration of pollution variables with river flow discharge, calculation of assimilation capacity by making a graph of the relationship between pollutant concentration and pollutant load at river estuary, which then analyzed with water quality standard value for marine life based on Decree of State Minister of Environment Number 51 of 2004. The measurement results showed that the pollution load value of BOD5 was 261,473 mg/s, nitrate (NO3-N) of 0,747 mg/s, lead (Pb) of 0,747 mg/s, and phosphate (PO4-P) of 0,311 mg/s. The pollution load variable that has passed the assimilation capacity is NO3-N, PO4-P, and Pb, while the variable that has not passed the assimilation capacity is BOD5. From the results, it can be concluded that the waters of the Tondano river estuary have been polluted by NO3-N, PO4-P, and Pb contaminants. Water pollution control of Tondano river estuary needs to be done more tightly so that the potential of coastal and marine resources remain sustainable.

Deforestation cause damage to the environment, climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation in Tahura was caused by ilegall logging and forest fire. To reduce deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, Tahura can participate in REDD+ scheme. REDD+ scheme is a scheme to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and provide incentives if it is able to reduce emissions. Related to REDD+ was required information on forest cover change (deforestation) and predictions. The method that used in the deforestation analysis, namely logistic regression. This study shows that forest cover in Tahura has changed from 2000 to 2015. Changes in forest cover into a bush is the biggest change with a percentage of 71%. Factors which is tested in logistic regression method i.e. the distance from the road, the distance from the river, the distance from the plantation and total population. Based on the prediction of deforestation, forest area that deforested amount of 103 ha in 2030.

Harapan rainforest situated in South Sumatera is a restoration area of PT REKI company that highly susceptible to land conversion. The problem faced in the effort of restoration is the restorated area that is too large and has not been tested any silvicultural techniques. The condition of land cover is the basic information that could be used as a reference in the preparation of restoration strategy. The study aimed to determine the level of damage, the condition of the ecosystem, appropriate silvicultural techniques, and plant species restoration priorities. The used methods were analysis of vegetation in 4 typologies (secondary forest, old shrub, young shurb, former akasia plantations), and the analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results showed that the correlation between density value (y) and NDVI (x) was: y = -136.35+425.46x, R 2 (0.89). The order of area with the level of damage from the lowest to the highest were: the typology of secondary forest, old shurb, young shrub, and former akasia plantation, respectively. The typology of secondary forests had the highest value of diversity, richness, and evenness (H’>3, Dmg>5, and E>0.6). Relationship between former akasia plantations typology and another tipologies was not germane (euclidean distance> 3.31), and the relationship between seedling and trees in all typologies (with the exception of former akasia plantations) was very high (r> 0.9). Silvicultural techniques that could be done include eradicating A. mangium in the former akasia plantation and planting in the all typologies with the exception of secondary forest. The plants that could be used for restoration are Macaranga sp., K.malaccensis, Nephelium sp., P.gutta, H.mengarawan, S.leprosula.

The activity determines the success of reclamation is revegetation, therefore it is needed to conduct evaluation of revegetation plant growth to identify the success of post mining silica land revegetation in HEF. This research aimed to identify the status of revegetation plant growth in HEF based on spatial analysis and plant condition as well as to provide recommendation to address revegetation problems in Holcim Educational Forest. The method used by making 19 plots size of 25 m x 40 m in 4 planting blocks in HEF and conduct spatial analysis to obtain NDVI value from 2013-2016. Parameters observed were height growth, life percentage, plant health, and soil analysis. The result shows that block XI, XIII, and IX had life percentage around 82.03-86.50 and in block VII had life percentage under 80%, while the plants health in HEF block was under 80%. Spatial analysis in HEF block shows that NDVI value in HEF planting blocks increased with average NDVI 0.10. The problem occurred in HEF planting blocks was low life percentage and plants health caused by nutrient content, low pH, soil compaction, and high toxic content such as Fe, Al, and Mn.

The Merapi Volcano National Park (MVNP) is developed based on particular considerations such as protecting ecosystem or preserving certain species. Management of national park will not succeed unless the communities surrounding park support the park itself. However, it will be challenging because the park was established through a ‘top-down’ process. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the surrounding communities are able to derive benefit economically from the park, especially environmental services such as water supply. The goal of this study is to estimate the economic value for water supply from MVNP with Kali Kuning Sub Watershed as the study case. The economic valuation is estimated based on three different land use maps: 2015’s (deforestation), 2025’s (afforestation) and extreme condition which is grassland (without national park). The economic value is approached by market price for water use value. Lastly, cost and benefit analysis based on several scenarios (deforestation, afforestation and ‘without national park’) is implemented. The study shows that afforestation scenario presents the highest economic value from water supply for the surrounding communities as well as the downstream communities.

The aims of this research were to analyze the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and humid acid toward balsa (Ochroma bicolor Rowlee.) growth on soil contaminated by lead and to analyze Pb accumulation in balsa. This study used a split split plot design. The main plot was AMF with 5 levels; without AMF (A0), AMF from secondary forest (A1), AMF from rubber natural forest (A2), AMF from oil palm plantations (A3), and AMF from rubber plantations (A4). The subplot was humic acid with 2 levels; no humic acid (B0) and 100 mL humic acid (B1). The sub subplot was Pb with 3 levels; 0 ppm Pb (C0), 500 ppm Pb (C1), and 750 ppm Pb (C2). The role of AMF and humic acid was more effective on the soil with 0 ppm of Pb than at 500 ppm of Pb and 750 ppm of Pb. AMF from rubber natural forest was the most effective AMF to increase diameter, root dry weight and shoot dry weight. Humic acid was able to increase the growth of height of 22.87% and diameter of 24.86% better than no humic acid. Pb accumulation in the entire plant tissue was more than 1000 ppm. It inhibited the growth of balsa seedlings and causing dead in 17.52% plant.

Indonesia as an archipelagic country more than 17,504 islands with the length of coastline estimated at 95,181 km bears mangroves from several meters to several kilometers. They grow extensively in the five big islands (Jawa, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua). At the year of 2009, Agency of Survey Coordination and National Mapping (Bakosurtanal) of Indonesia reported the existing mangrove forest area in Indonesia of about 3,244,018 ha, however Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Ministry of Forestry (Ditjen RLPS MoF) of Indonesia at 2007 reported about 7,758,411 ha of mangrove area in Indonesia (including existing vegetated mangrove area). It was further reported that those mangroves were 30.7% in good condition, 27.4% moderate-destroyed, and 41.9% heavy-destroyed. In order to rehabilitate destroyed mangrove ecosystems, Indonesia applies at least three type of planting designs (square planting design, zig zag planting design, and cluster planting design) and eight planting techniques (“banjar harian” technique, bamboo pole technique, guludan technique, water break technique, huge polybag technique, ditch muddy technique, huge mole technique, cluster technique). Generally, in Indonesia Rhizophora spp. are used for mangrove rehabilitation and/or restoration with the spacing of 1x1 m spending varied planting cost based on the site local condition and planting technique used. The mangrove planting ranged from about Rp. 14.2 million using propagules to Rp. 18.5 million using cultured seedlings. Recently, local community used to utilizing associated mangrove aquatic fauna for supporting their daily life as well as utilizing mangrove habitat for multipurpose uses through agroforestry techniques (silvofishery, agrosilvofishery, agrosilvopastoralfishery systems). So that, the good mangrove ecosystem serves luxurious both flora and fauna species (biodiversity) as well as their abundance for significantly supporting the welfare of coastal community.

Beekeeping is one of the alternative businesses that can be developed without converting the existing land use. Deveoping the business of beekeeping should consider the biophysically suitable area for bees themselves and also for the bee forage availability. The objective of this study was to provide the direction of development area for beekeeping. The methods used consist ofa combination of remote sensing, geographic information system, and analytical hierarchy process. The recommended area for beekeeping in Sukabumi regency consists of two areas: forest and dry land agriculture area. The protected area has two priorities: The first priority area for beekeeping is 3,335.52 ha (6.4%), while second priority is 48,415.22 ha (93.6%) that covered 14 sub-districts. The cultivation area has three priorities: First priority area is 1,163.92 ha, second priorityarea is 6,044.98 ha, and third priority area is 2,651.21 ha that covered 9 sub-districts. Based on result of analysis with the existing beekeeping in Sukabumi regency, local government of Sukabumi regency or local farmer could develop program for beekeeping in such as sub district: Cibadak, Cicurug, Cidahu, Ciemas, Cikidang, Ciracap, Cisolok, Kabandungan, Kadudampit, Kalapanunggal, Nagrak, Pelabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi, Sukaraja, Jampang Kulon, Pabuaran, Sagaranten, Surade, and Tegalbuleud.

One of the mechanisms for encouraging local governments to achieve national priority targets for environmental sector is through allocating the deconcentration budget of environment for the provincial. According to Government Regulation No. 7/2008, the deconcentration budget allocation for the region should be in accordance with finance minister recommendation indicators and environmental indicators. However, the allocation of deconcentration budget of environment is not yet consider those indicators. So that, the allocation of deconcentration budget has been constantly increasing, on the other hand the quality of environment has been decreasing. Therefore, the aims of this research are to analyze the factors that influence the allocation of deconcentration budget of environment in province and to analyze the effectiveness of deconcentration budget in order to improve environmental quality in Indonesia. This study uses panel data, with cross section data of 32 provinces in the period of 2009 to 2013. The research methods are descriptive analysis and analysis of panel data. The results indicated that indicators of fiscal capacity, numbers of industry, sizes of land cover, and numbers of complaints on environmental case have a significant effect on the allocation of deconcentration budget. Results also showed that deconcentration budget has influenced the environmental quality improvement.