Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of salinity on aquatic plant growth in Ethiopia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Salinity negatively impacts aquatic plant growth in Ethiopia, reducing seed germination, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake, leading to stunted growth. Studies in the Awash River Basin and Rift Valley lakes show that high salt levels cause osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage, weakening freshwater plants like papyrus and water hyacinth. Adaptive strategies, such as salt-tolerant species, better water management, and riparian afforestation, are essential for ecosystem restoration. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Osmotic stress theory, ion toxicity and selectivity theory & salt tolerance mechanism theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effects of salinity on aquatic plant growth in Ethiopia. Practical experiments using hydroponic systems and controlled salinity environments should be conducted to optimize plant growth in brackish and saltwater conditions. Governments and environmental organizations should establish clear guidelines for salinity thresholds in aquatic ecosystems to safeguard biodiversity and freshwater resources.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between drought frequency and desertification progress in Australia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Frequent droughts in Australia accelerate desertification, particularly in arid regions like the Murray-Darling Basin. Rising temperatures, reduced rainfall, and extreme weather events degrade soil, reduce vegetation, and threaten agriculture. ENSO-driven droughts worsen water scarcity, impacting ecosystems and farming. Satellite data show declining soil moisture and groundwater levels, increasing land degradation. Without sustainable land management, reforestation, and water conservation, desertification risks will rise, threatening biodiversity and food security. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Theory of desertification, aridity index and climate variability theory & threshold theory of land degradation may be used to anchor future studies on the relationship between drought frequency and desertification progress in Australia. Implementing drought-resistant crops, precision irrigation systems, and soil conservation techniques can significantly reduce the rate of desertification in agricultural regions. Governments should establish joint climate resilience frameworks, particularly in transboundary drylands and shared water basins, to prevent cross-border desertification effects.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of water temperature on fish reproduction in Bangladesh. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that water temperature significantly impacts fish reproduction in Bangladesh, with optimal breeding occurring at 25–30°C. Higher temperatures (>32°C) reduced sperm motility and hatch rates, while lower temperatures (<20°C) delayed spawning. Climate change-induced temperature shifts may disrupt fish breeding patterns, affecting aquaculture productivity. Temperature regulation and seasonal monitoring are recommended for sustainable fisheries. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Metabolic theory of ecology (MTE), thermal bottleneck hypothesis & brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis theory may be used to anchor future studies on the influence of water temperature on fish reproduction in Bangladesh. Fisheries and aquaculture should select and breed fish species with higher thermal tolerance, ensuring stable reproductive success despite temperature changes. Governments must revise fisheries policies to integrate climate adaptation strategies, ensuring that breeding habitats and spawning seasons are protected from rising temperatures and extreme weather events.

Purpose: This review advances the synthesis methodologies, biological roles, and therapeutic applications of nucleoside derivatives, emphasizing their pivotal role in the development of biomedical sciences. Methodology: There are several methods for synthesizing nucleosides, including fusion reactions, metal salt procedures, and the Hilbert-Johnson method, each of which offers distinct advantages and challenges. These synthetic approaches take advantage of the interaction of sugars and nitrogenous bases, allowing for tailored modifications for specific applications. Findings: Nucleoside derivatives, essential molecules that are the building blocks of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, exhibit diverse structural and functional properties. Their biological synthesis, through novel pathways or rescue mechanisms, ensures the availability of the primary genetic material. Synthetic nucleoside derivatives have found significant roles in medicinal chemistry, particularly in antiviral, anticancer and antibacterial therapies. Modifications of sugars or basic components have led to the emergence of pioneering drugs such as acyclovir, zidovudine and remdesivir. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Nucleoside derivatives have great therapeutic potential. They act as antiviral agents by disrupting viral replication and as chemotherapeutics targeting rapidly dividing cells in cancers. However, their efficacy faces challenges such as toxicity and development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to enhance their safety and expand their applications in molecular biology, diagnostics and nanotechnology.

Purpose: This research is about a new COVID-19 SIR model containing three classes; susceptible S(t), infected I(t), and recovered R(t) with the convex incident rate. Methodology: The NCOVID-19 model was formulated in the following system, the whole population N(t) was divided into three classes S(t), I(t), and R(t), which represented Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered compartments in the form of differential equations. Lyapunov functions were used to validate the stability of the equilibrium of the ordinary differential equations, linearization of the system was also done using Jacobian matrices by finding the derivatives of f(x) for x. Findings: Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus identified as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The people infected by COVID-19 experience mild respiratory problems such as; Fever, dry cough, throat infection, and fatigue. People may also have symptoms such as nasal infection, aches, and sore throat. The pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life in Kenya, Africa, and the whole world as it presents an unprecedented challenge to public health, food systems, and the world of work. This case study seeks to model covid-19 virus after lifting preventive measures with a major focus on Kisii County, the subject model was presented in the form of differential equations and the disease-free and endemic equilibrium was calculated for the model. Also, the basic reproduction number R0 = 0.7831 was calculated and the disease-free equilibrium was found to be asymptotically stable meaning that the virus could be eliminated from the population, this showed that the county government of Kisii was in good control of the COVID-19 situation., in addition, The global stability of the model was calculated using the Lyapunov function construction while the Local stability was calculated using the Jacobian matrices. The numerical solutions were calculated using the non-standard finite difference scheme (NFDS) and MATLAB software. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study has laid a foundation for future research in the area. In the future, a study that can include the rate of COVID-19 virus mutation and its impacts is recommended.

Purpose: The main objective of the paper is to discuss challenges and needs for financing biodiversity conservation of national parks in Namibia by exploring the challenges that hinder the financing of biodiversity conservation and propose innovative solutions to overcome them and establishing the funding needs for conservation projects and initiatives. Methodology: The study was based on the philosophy of pragmatism, used a qualitative research approach, and employed a concurrent research design. The study purposively selected 10 directors to participate in the study, although only nine have participated. To collect data, the aspect used structured questionnaires, which were self-administered online using Google Forms, whereby the questionnaire comprised of open-ended questions. Subsequently, the study employed various analytical tools to analyse the data, reflexive thematic analysis with direct quotations in ATLAS.ti. Findings: The study shows funding needs of biodiversity conservations. The study also concludes that the National Parks in Namibia are faced with numerous challenges, which hinder their ability to ensure financial stability. Additionally, evidence shows that National Parks need funding for ensuring effective and sustainable operations. Furthermore, data found that the National Parks in Namibia encounter challenges relating to financing of biodiversity conservations due to governance issues in terms of poor accountability, corruption, and misuse of resources. The findings signify that National Parks in Namibia depend highly on foreign aid and international donors for conservation funding, which makes funding vulnerable to changes in international priorities and economic conditions in donor countries. The issue of insufficient budget allocation to biodiversity by the government was highlighted. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that the National Parks in Namibia suffer environmentally related challenges, such as those aligned with climate change, desertification, and water scarcity, which place significant strains on both the existing conservations and the acquisition of additional funding of biodiversity conservations. The outcomes signify that the economic challenges, such as high interest rate, inflation, and economic downturn make it difficult for the National Parks in Namibia to ensure biodiversity conservations’ financing. These results imply that the National Parks in Namibia can address the issue of financing of biodiversity by adopting strategies, which are essential for tourism development, and it can be realised through the promotion of eco-tourism, research and innovation, as well as community-based tourism. The results demonstrate a call for government support in financing biodiversity conservations through budget allocation and legal policy framework. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This article will contribute to the body of knowledge in sustainable finance as it explored the theories and literature on finance, conservation, biodiversity and National Parks which makes it an important source of information, also for future studies in those fields. The research will support the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) in coordinating closely with other Ministries on formulating policies, regulations and laws that affect sustaining finance of biodiversity conservation. Lastly, this paper results, findings and discussion gives knowledge towards the improvement of the government and private sector’s capacity by strengthening government institutions and financial institutions’ ability to more effectively design, execute, and monitor biodiversity conservation sustainable financing model in realising the goals of the National Development Plans (NDPs) and Vision 2030.

Purpose: This research, some derivatives were Synthesis and Characterization of Some 1,2,4-triazol-4-amino Schiff Bases of Decorated Nano Reduced Graphene Oxide with 2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid . Methodology: In by the hummer method preparing the graphene oxide (GO) and then reducing it to the reduced graphene oxide (RGO), Then prepare the corresponding and decorated derivative with 2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid, Using the electric method (ArNRGO) in two steps, first one preparing the disonium salts and the second, electrical decoration, Prepare the corresponding Triazole derivative (ArNRGOTZ) by thermal fusion for the Ar-NRGO Aromatics Derivative with Thiocarbozide (TC), Also, ArNRGOTZS (3-1) nanoschiff bases prepared by heat mixing between ArNRGOTZ with 4-Nitrobnzaldehyde, 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde and 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde, Findings: The data characterization by IR, XRD and SEM infrared spectroscopy with stability evaluation from TGA, DSC and DTG measurements. Unique Contribution to Theory ,Practice, and Policy: Formation of 1,2,4-triazol-4-amino Schiff Bases of Decorated Nano Reduced Graphene Oxide with 2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid as non-toxic compounds To benefit from them in the future as chemical compounds that transport drugs inside the living cell.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the biodiversity conservation strategies and their impact on ecosystem health in Mozambique. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Biodiversity conservation strategies in Mozambique have enhanced ecosystem health, promoting species richness and habitat preservation. Through protected area management and community-based initiatives, threatened species and ecosystems have shown signs of recovery. Sustainable land management and habitat restoration projects have bolstered ecosystem resilience. However, challenges like habitat fragmentation and illegal wildlife trade persist, demanding ongoing research and integrated conservation approaches for sustained biodiversity and ecosystem health. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resilience theory, community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) & political ecology may be used to anchor future studies on biodiversity conservation strategies and their impact on ecosystem health in Mozambique. Implement community-based conservation initiatives that empower local communities to actively participate in biodiversity conservation efforts. Ensure that biodiversity conservation is mainstreamed into national development policies and strategies in Mozambique

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of deforestation on water quality in Cameroon. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Deforestation in Cameroon significantly impacts water quality, as evidenced by increased sedimentation, higher pollutant levels, and elevated risks of waterborne diseases. Loss of forest cover reduces natural filtration capacities, leading to higher concentrations of contaminants in water sources. Alterations in hydrological patterns and changes in land use further exacerbate these issues, affecting water availability and aquatic habitats. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Hydrological cycle theory, land use/land cover change (LU/LC) theory & ecosystem services theory may be used to anchor future studies on impact of deforestation on water quality in Cameroon. Implement land-use planning measures that prioritize the conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems, including protected area designation, forest restoration initiatives, and sustainable forest management practices. Develop and enforce policies that incentivize forest conservation and sustainable land management practices, such as payment for ecosystem services schemes, land-use zoning regulations, and carbon offset programs.

Purpose: The objective this study was to evaluate nitrogen fixation effectiveness, survival and compatibility of the isolates of on two different soils that came from Dabat and Shentia sites at Gondar, Ethiopia. The author recommends that the isolates test their nitrogen fixing potential under field conditions in slightly acidic and neutral soil before being used as commercial biofertilzer inoculants. The present study provides potential nitrogen fixer input for agricultural research centers. Methodology: Soil physicochemical analysis and most probable number were done according to their standard procedure. Three top strains were selected as inoculants for faba beans grown on the slightly acidic Shentia soil and the slightly neutral Dabat soil with their control. The symbiotic effectiveness of the strains was evaluated based on plant agronomy and total nitrogen of the plant. The results of the strains analyzed by SPSS version 26. Findings: The highest rhizobium population size was 5.8 x102 cells g-1 soil, while the lowest was 1.7 x102 cell g-1 soil observed at the Dabat and Shentia sites, respectively. There is limited nitrogen and phosphorus content other were enough. It was significant difference inter-strain difference in the all agronomic parameter of all treatments in soil compared to each based on agronomic parameter, but across soils there was no significant different except shoot fresh weight. The result of these studies showed that two Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.viciae isolates and other combinations of them had considerable effect on agronomic properties. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The application of biological nitrogen fixation through Rhizobium inoculums is promoted as a solution to the problem of poor soil fertility in areas where legumes are cultivated. In most of the developing countries, including Ethiopia, biological nitrogen fixation technology has not fully flourished, so this study was initiated to evaluate fixation potential of isolates.