Air pollution remains a threat to human health and environment particularly in the places where traffic and industries are denser. Nano-catalysts have emerged as a promising prospect of enhancing the quality of air due to their high surface area and controllable reactivity alongside their capability to decompose pollutants at mild operating conditions. This review examines more recent advances in the field of nano-catalyst based air purification with specific focus on vehicle exhaust treatment. Photocatalytic nano materials have great potential for removing Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter with the help of adsorption and oxidation mechanisms. These materials include TiO2, graphene, perovskites, metal oxides and metal-organic frameworks. They have also tested their performance in catalytic converters, diesel particulate filters and in photocatalytic coating that have been applied to transport infrastructures. This review will discuss the various categories of pollutants, limitations of traditional methods of air purification, nano-catalytic activity and as well as the updated advancements of nano-enabled filters. It also highlights the new technologies such as plasma-assisted photocatalysis, electrospun nanofibre filters and the graphene-enhanced filtration networks which are more durable and have higher degradation efficiency. Despite these materials showing good laboratory scale performance, there are still questions on their toxicity, environmental exposure, cost and long-term stability. This review also discusses these challenges along with future research interests that are focused on safer material designs and intelligent catalytic systems for vehicle emission control. In general, nano-catalysts offer cleaner air and more efficient purification of vehicle exhausts. These might support a shift towards healthier urban environments.

A 35-year-old woman presented to the dental clinic complaining of pain in lower right quadrant. Clinical and radiographic (CBCT) examination revealed badly decayed 46 with periapical pathosis. Atraumatic tooth extraction was performed using a periotome, followed by thorough curettage to remove periapical pathosis. Augmentation of the extraction socket done through placement of deep collagen layer, xenograft then sealing of the socket using collagen membrane. Bone width was assessed clinically by using bone caliper and radiographically through CBCT at the time of extraction and 4 months after the procedures. Alveolar ridge preservation using layering technique results in less bone resorption maintaining the tissues for implant placement.

Bone disease is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis (CKD-5D). It can induce serious bone health problems, especially fragility fractures. Bone disease in patients with CKD-5D is the result of bone turnover abnormalities and the decrease of bone mineral density (BMD) Multiple factors are associated with reduced BMD and may affect bone health. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed to assess bone mineral density (BMD). Bone mass density. The remodeling process is tightly regulated, when the balance between bone resorption and bone formation shifts to net bone loss results in the development of osteoporosis in both men and women. In this study, we evaluate correlations between vitamin K2 with Cathepsin K as marker of bone resorption and P1N1 as marker of bone formation as well as correlation of vit K2, Cathepsin K and P1N1 with BMD measured by DEXA to access osteoporosis. We also assess the frequency and risk factors of osteoporosis and osteopenia in hemodialysis patients. Vit K2 was significantly lower in osteoporosis patients than osteopenia patients so vitamin K2 level in CKD patients on hemodialysis patients is important for bone health and has close relation to degree of osteoporosis.

very year more than ten billion dollars are spent to treat dandruff, which affects more than half of the world’s population. According to this study’s established laboratory testing, dandruff is a mixture of dust, different creature fungi or yeast, dead cells, and saturated fatty acids. The duration of this study is 2019-2025, and two groups of people were included: 50 in 2019 and 100 in 2025. The first group, fifteen youngsters (ages 22 to 25) were selected at random to look into some crucial dandruff-related facts. These youngsters also indicated that dandruff emerges in the winter and goes away in the summer, and they reported using numerous treatments last year without seeing positive outcomes. While the second group of 100 people was taken randomly, about 72 of them had dandruff. There is significantly between the two groups. Furthermore, the two groups experience embarrassment when they see that they have dandruff, occasionally they have rough or scratchy hair that hurts and causes strange behavior. The painful itch of the last group. This study found that Candida spp. eliminated Malasezzia spp. And they cause dandruff nowadays also this study introduces appropriate treatment for this improbable illness.

Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory condition characterized by the progressive breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues. It is a major public health issue due to its high prevalence and consequences, including tooth loss, impaired oral function and aesthetics, increased healthcare costs, and negative effects on general health. In periodontitis, tissue breakdown is primarily driven by an exaggerated immune-inflammatory response to microbial dysbiosis, making host modulation a key therapeutic goal. Melatonin, an endogenous hormone with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bone-enhancing properties, has recently gained attention as an adjunctive aid in periodontal therapy. This mini-review focuses on several clinical studies and systematic reviews that have reported favorable outcomes in periodontal parameters when melatonin is applied alongside non-surgical periodontal therapy. Despite these encouraging findings, there is currently a lack of clinical trials evaluating its role in surgical regenerative therapy used to manage intrabony defects, where the need for adjunctive agents remains significant. This mini-review summarizes the current understanding of melatonin’s mechanisms of action in periodontal tissues, highlights evidence from non-surgical applications, and underscores the gap in surgical research.

Aloe vera is a well-documented medicinal plant known for its potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties. However, its direct application in dental therapeutics is limited due to poor stability and bioavailability. The advancement of nanotechnology has enabled the development of Aloe vera-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, which offer enhanced mucoadhesion, controlled drug release, and targeted delivery to oral tissues. This review explores the therapeutic potential of nano Aloe vera chitosan systems in the context of dental applications, including periodontitis, oral ulcers, caries prevention, and post-surgical healing. The mechanisms of action, such as mucoadhesion, antimicrobial synergy, sustained release, and immune modulation, are critically discussed. Furthermore, the review highlights relevant preclinical and clinical findings, challenges in standardization and regulatory pathways, and emerging directions like stimuli responsive delivery and integration with regenerative materials. The convergence of phytotherapy and nanotechnology presents a promising frontier for biocompatible and effective oral healthcare interventions.

To attain the correct polymerization of the resin cements, which results in improved physical qualities of the cement, dentists primarily utilize dual-cured or light-cured resin cements. However, a number of factors can influence how resin cements polymerize. A scoping review of the polymerization, degree of conversion (DC), and light transmittance of various resin cements used in dentistry was the primary goal of the current study. Nevertheless, thick restorations and deep preparations may reduce light intensity, leading to insufficient polymerization. The luting resin polymerization and its study are also influenced by other elements such as the kind, composition, and shade of the resin cement; the type, shade, and translucency of the ceramic; the light curing unit (LCU); and the testing technique. The mechanical and biological qualities of the luting cement, the mechanical properties of bound ceramics, and the strength of the bond between the tooth and restoration could all be negatively impacted by inadequate polymerization. Thus, several light-curing characteristics, including sufficient light distance, irradiance, exposure time, equipment, and wavelength, should be taken into consideration when optimizing the polymerization of resin cements. After that, the cemented restorative materials’ ideal physical characteristics are attained, resulting in long-term clinical performance.

his in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the marginal fit, accuracy, and precision of lithium disilicate crowns fabricated using two intraoral scanners—Primescan AC (Dentsply Sirona) and Medit i700 (Medit Corp., South Korea)—and two CAD/CAM ceramic materials (IPS e.max CAD and CEREC Tessera™). A mandibular first premolar was virtually prepared using CAD software and 3D printed to create a master die. Digital impressions were obtained using both scanners, and crowns were fabricated from IPS e.max CAD and CEREC Tessera™ blocks. Marginal fit was evaluated using the Triple Scan Technique, while accuracy (trueness) and precision (repeatability) were analyzed using Geomagic Control X software. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA and independent t-tests with significance set at p<0.05. No statistically significant differences were found in marginal adaptation between the two ceramic materials (p=0.880) or between scanners (p=0.512). However, Primescan demonstrated significantly better trueness (15.15±2.52 µm vs. 18.31±2.53 µm, p=0.012) and precision (7.73±1.62 µm vs. 10.03±0.72 µm, p<0.001) compared to Medit i700. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, Primescan showed superior trueness and precision compared to Medit i700. No significant difference in marginal fit was observed between IPS e.max CAD and CEREC Tessera™ crowns.

A 35-year-old woman presented to the dental clinic complaining of pain and mobility in tooth 21. Clinical and radiographic (CBCT) examination revealed a horizontal root fracture apical to the cementoenamel junction, loss of the labial plate of bone, and periapical pathosis. Atraumatic tooth extraction was performed using a periotome, followed by thorough curettage to remove periapical pathosis. Drilling was performed and an immediate implant was placed. A collagen membrane was sutured to the buccal soft tissue, and a connective tissue graft harvested from the maxillary tuberosity was positioned at the coronal area of the soft tissue. Xenograft bone particles were added into the gap space between the implant and collagen membrane. Immediate temporization was performed using the patient’s own crown after adjustment of the cervical contour with composite. At baseline, buccal bone thickness was 0 mm at the crest and 3 mm from crest, and 0.3 mm at 6 mm from the crest. Nine months postoperatively, buccal plate thickness increased to 1.46 mm at crest, 2.39 mm at 3 mm, and 2.53 mm at 6 mm from the crest. The pink esthetic score was excellent, with complete papillae and natural soft tissue contour, color, and texture compared to reference tooth (tooth 11). Immediate implant placement and temporization in an infected Type II socket with buccal bone loss can achieve favorable esthetic and functional outcomes when meticulous infection control, hard and soft tissue management, and immediate provisionalization are employed.