This study aims to determine the viscosity of nira water using a falling ball method based on a video based laboratory with tracker software. This type of research is experimental research with a quantitative approach. The viscosity of nira water is measured by varying the temperature, concentration and duration of fermentation. The temperature varied, namely 16 0 C, 27 0 C and 82 0 C. The concentrations were varied by comparing the viscosity coefficient value of pure nira water, nira water added with coconut water and mineral water. And for the fermentation time of the nira water was varied for 7 days, 9 days and 11 days of fermentation. The nira water with varying temperature, concentration and fermentation time has different coefficient values for the nira water. The nira water given the highest temperature has the lowest viscosity coefficient value. And the nira water with the highest concentration has the highest viscosity coefficient value as well. And the longest fermented juice showed the lowest value of the viscosity coefficient of nira water. And from the results of my interviews with nira water farmers in the village regarding the good viscosity coefficient value of nira water, it can be taken from the value of viscosity coefficient of pure nira water, as researchers also examined in this research. Because researchers saw to harvest nira water directly from the tree for research on pure nira water.

Currently, almost all traders use dangerous preservatives in salted fish, one of which is formaldehyde. Traders use these chemicals to make food more durable, even though the food will be consumed by humans. This is due to a lack of knowledge about foods that contain dangerous chemicals. Therefore, the Arduino Uno R3-based tool was developed. This Arduino Uno R3-microcontroller tool can test food practically and effectively quantitatively because it does not take long to see results. The TCS3200 was color sensor is used to detect food samples containing formaldehyde after being mixed with Formaldehyde Main Reagent according to the dosage. The sensor detects the changing color after everything has reacted, and a buzzer alarm will sound when the salted fish has formaldehyde. The test results are displayed on the 16x2 LCD screen and the NetBeans java application, where the output is a detection of whether salted fish has formalin or is formalin free. The initial data collection used a literature study and observation. This study used quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis. Based on the results, the performance test data of Formaldehyde Detector Prototype in Salted Fish Using Arduino Microcontroller-Based TCS3200 Color Sensor obtained a score of 74 or in the Very Feasible category.

One of Kepler’s most significant contributions to science was finding planetary motion laws, which is the foundation of celestial mechanincs. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion were not merely guesswork. He tried to apply his understanding of the relationship between force and distance to explain his planetary laws’ physical reason. However, there is usually no akcnowledgement in introductory physics textbook to the topic of Kepler’s laws regarding how Kepler tried to explain his planetary laws. Most of the introductory physics textbooks only give Newton’s description explaianing Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. This paper describes different approaches between Kepler and Newton in determining the force law and discusses some of its pedagogical implications.

Analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of a material is indispensable in various fields of science, especially in materials science. Several studies have been conducted to observe the 3D structure of wet samples in a water-soluble environment using ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy) with tomography. The principle of tomography is based on the acquisition of a series of image projections at different angles of inclination and the calculation of the volume of the 3D reconstruction with a special algorithm. In this study, Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyze the optimum water thickness that could be detected in TiO2 wet material and the number of electron scattering captured to calculate the interaction volume dimensions. The results showed that the optimum thickness was achieved at 400 nm for the thickness of the wet sample and 10 nm for the thickness of the water.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of implementing the use of teaching materials in the context of Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI) on students' scientific literacy on climate change material and its impact on life. The research method used is a weak experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The number of samples used is 60 students who are contracting Earth and Space Sciences (IPBA) courses. The research instrument used is a multiple-choice scientific literacy test instrument. The results showed that the use of teaching materials with the SSI context affected students' scientific literacy. This can be seen from the effects of statistical tests, which showed the arithmetic significance value (0.002) < 0.05. The use of teaching materials in the SSI context can also improve students' scientific literacy, which can be seen in the n-gain value of 0.54, which is in the medium category.

This study aims to determine the suitability of the student response analysis on the test of work and energy materials with the logistic parameter model of item response theory. Another aim is to estimate item parameters according to a fit parameter logistic model (PL). This research is a quantitative research that was carried out on the responses of 1177 high school students spread across Banten Province. The instrument is a set of work and energy test consisting of 25 multiple choices. The analysis was carried out using the statistical method. The analysis showed the students' responses to the fit energy and effort test with 9 items of 1 PL model, 17 items of 2 PL model, and 16 items of 3 PL model. Based on the percentage, the 2PL model is suitable than 1PL and 3PL. So it can be concluded that the analysis of the work and energy test instrument fits the 2PL parameter model. Further analysis is the determination of the item parameter value by referring to the 2PL model, namely the item parameter difficulty level (b) and discrimination (a). From the analysis conducted, it was found that the difficulty level was in the range - 2.501 to 1.595 and the discrimination was in the range 0.289 to 1.109. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that all items in this test are the good item criteria

The eye was one of the senses that functions to record a state or condition so that humans could know the object they see. However, not all humans were created with normal eye conditions; some had visual disturbances from birth. Blind people generally use a walking aid in the form of a cane or a trained dog to help with movement and increase safety and independence during activities. This research aimed to produce gloves as a tool for blind people who had a distance accuracy from the ultrasonic sensor. This research was a research development (RD at that distance, the two ultrasonic sensors will work properly. For distances above the maximum distance, the ultrasonic sensor cannot do.

The purpose of this study was to describe the science learning process and the teaching materials used by teachers in science learning. The type of research to be conducted is descriptive quantitative research. Respondents in this study were 26 students of class VIIIA MtsN 6 Sijunjung. The research instrument was in the form of a questionnaire filled out by students and an interview sheet with the educator. The result of the research is that the science learning process is more predominantly carried out through the lecture method compared to the experimental / practicum / inquiry labs method by 83% and the teaching materials most often used by teachers in science learning are textbooks by 85%. Science learning has not facilitated students to have scientific literacy because science learning is more often carried out by the lecture method. Thus, teachers need to develop appropriate teaching materials in order to increase students' motivation and scientific literacy.

The learning model is a frame in a learning process that can support the achievement of learning objectives. This study aims to determine, 1) the learning model used in physics subjects in schools, 2) the obstacles faced by the teacher in applying the learning model, and 3) efforts to overcome the obstacles in applying the learning model to achieve learning objectives. This research method is qualitative research. The survey was conducted on one physics teacher and three students determined by random sampling—observation data collection using interviews and documentation systems. While the data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis technique. From the research results obtained that: 1) the learning model carried out in the learning process at SMAN 9 Kota Tangerang Selatan Banten is CL (Cooperative Learning) and CTL (Contextual Teaching and Learning), 2) the constraints faced by the teacher when implementing the learning model are the ability students who are lacking in understanding the concepts of physics so that the difficulty in solving problems and challenges in choosing the equations used, 3) efforts to overcome the obstacles in using learning models are needed to develop appropriate learning models such as STEM-based CTL models that make students construct their knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to analyze students' items and abilities—the analysis for mapping test instruments and students' basic concepts regarding optics subjects before lectures are held. The test participants were 35 physics students. The analysis model of item response theory is a one-parameter logistic model or Rasch Model with the scope of analysis of the level of item difficulty, student ability, and statements that fit the item response model. Analysis of item responses and student responses carried out using Winstep version 3.73 software. The results of the qualitative analysis of the test items consisted of memory (C1) analysis (C4). The quantitative analysis using the Rasch model showed that 35% of the total items were difficult category items. For the suitability of test items in the instrument by 85% of items fit or generally function in measurement, more than 57% of students have the geometric optical ability in logit values of 0 to 1. The results of item analysis and student ability become information for teachers to design courses such as method selection, project implementation strategies, and assessments are undertaken.