Socio-economic factors and conservation of biodiversity interplay is very important but understudied especially in the biosphere reserves. This paper evaluates the contribution of socio-economic factors in sustaining biodiversity in Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, which is abundant in biological diversity and heritage. The study employs the mixed-methods strategy in which the quantitative method is applied using the data provided by the Statistics South Africa (SSA) census on education, employment, and income level to determine the relationship between this data and the concept of biodiversity conservation. The factors are identified as major contributors to biodiversity destruction in the region. The data on loss of biodiversity were obtained through SSA and analysed using R-Studio with multiple logistic regression. The model that best fit was the level of education, the lowest AIC was 66.33, which indicates that the level of education is a significant contributor to the degradation of biodiversity. It is worth noting that the education levels of “No schooling”, “Some primary” and “Some secondary” had a great impact on the biodiversity variable. “No schooling” was the most significant negative variable that influenced the loss of biodiversity. The research highlighted how environmental education and awareness can be utilised to conserve natural resources. The solution to these socio-economic driving factors would contribute to achieving a sustainable equilibrium between human development and the ecological conservation of the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve. The study will help in comprehending the effects of socio-economics on biodiversity and offer practical implications to policymakers and conservationists around the world.

This study examined temperature and precipitation trends and spatial variations over a 40-year period at 34 meteorological stations in Bangladesh. Climate variability was assessed using a variety of statistical techniques, such as geographic information systems (GIS), inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation, linear regression, and coefficient of variation. The temperature and precipitation data were simulated using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. With an average temperature increase of 0.20 °C every ten years, the results showed a significant warming trend. Northern, central, and southern regions saw the largest increases in minimum temperatures (from 0.80 to 2.4 °C), while southern and southeastern regions saw the largest increases in maximum temperatures (1.20 to 2.48 °C). Although pre-monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall showed declines of 0.75 mm and 0.55 mm per year, respectively, with significant variability in these seasons (44.84% and 85.25%, respectively), annual precipitation showed an upward trend (+7.13 mm per year). Projections for 2011–2020 suggest a temperature rise of 0.018 °C annually, potentially resulting in a 1.0 °C increase compared to 1971. Minimum temperatures are expected to rise more sharply (0.20 °C) than maximum temperatures (0.16 °C). Annual precipitation is predicted to decrease by 153 mm, with drying conditions anticipated in northwestern, western, and southwestern regions during pre- and post-monsoon periods.

The increasing awareness of atmospheric carbon dioxide is the first driver of weather exchange, prompting pressing global efforts to identify effective carbon sequestration strategies. Among these, reforestation and soil management have emerged as promising natural solutions. This study evaluates the capability of these strategies in taking pictures and storing atmospheric carbon sustainably. Reforestation, through the healing of wooded area ecosystems, enhances biomass accumulation and long-term carbon storage, at the same time as advanced soil management practices, which include conservation tillage, biochar application, cover cropping, and growth of soil organic carbon levels. This study severely analyses the carbon sequestration capacity, price-effectiveness, and co-benefits, which include biodiversity conservation and soil fitness development related to every technique. It also addresses the challenges, together with land availability, maintenance prices, and socio-monetary elements influencing large-scale implementation. By synthesizing current case studies and scientific facts, the paper provides a complete evaluation of how reforestation and soil control can contribute meaningfully to worldwide climate change mitigation techniques.

Global trends indicate that both natural and man-made disasters are on the increase and more people are being affected. This study assessed the trend and monthly distribution of fire disasters in the Sokoto metropolis. Data on monthly records were collected from the Sokoto State Fire Service Department for 2000-2023. Monthly meteorological data for wind speed, sunshine maximum and minimum temperature were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) spanning the period of 2000-2023. Trends were calculated using the Mann-Kendall test. Also, multiple linear regression was used to examine the contribution of weather variables to fire disasters. Results revealed and upward trend. The fire frequency is surging on a trend with positive both monthly and annually. The magnitude of the trend produced statistical P-values of 0.000 for January, February and March while P-values of <0.0001 were observed on an annual basis. The findings revealed that the critical time for fire incidences are afternoon hours. The result indicates that February March, January and December constitute the fire disaster-prone period and correspond to the cold dry and hot dry months in the area. Also, maximum temperature accounts for (R2 =0.049), minimum temperature (R2= 0.103), wind speed (R2= 0.004) and Sunshine hours accounted for about (R2= 0.017). There is a need to educate and sensitise the residents through mobile telephony, radio and television broadcasts on the high-risk months identified. Additional fire stations in cluster patterns of distribution should be set up and more fire-fighting personnel should be recruited.

The landscape appearance of Srigonco Village is unique. This uniqueness can be used as a means of learning geography. This study aims to analyze the tourism potential and landscape appearance of Srigonco Village as a means of supporting geography learning. The method used is a field survey by making a working map which is then used to identify tourism potential and landscape appearances. Analysis of natural tourism potential was carried out using neighborhood analysis and analysis of landscape appearance using qualitative descriptive. The study's findings indicate that the tourism potential of Srigonco village is dispersed, with clusters of caves and ponor in the center, an elongated area to the south with beaches, and scattered springs around the community. In addition, the research location has fluvial, karst, and marine landscape elements such as caves, rivers, beaches, waterfalls, and biodiversity preservation, can also be utilised for natural tourism. Srigonco Village's topography can be utilized to teach geography, particularly in the study of geomorphology, hydrology, biogeography, disasters, tourism, and socio-culture. The application of geography learning can be carried out through field activities, research, or project-based learning to provide students with the opportunity to learn directly from the environment.

Landslides are natural events that can be worsened by human activities, leading to significant destruction of life and property. In Tawangmangu District, situated on the slopes of Mount Lawu, the landslide risk is amplified due to factors such as volcanic soil, steep terrain, and high rainfall. This research seeks to map landslide hazards in the area by utilizing a Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), combining both static and dynamic factors contributing to landslide occurrences. The study considers seven critical factors: slope, distance from roads, geology, land use, soil type, rainfall, and proximity to geological faults. Expert opinions are used to assign weights to these factors, which are then integrated into a GIS model to assess susceptibility to landslides. The area is classified into five risk zones. The results show that 21.97% of the region faces high and very high risks, while 39.57% is moderately vulnerable. The highest-risk areas are those with steep slopes and significant human activity, such as road construction and land-use changes for tourism. Model validation, comparing the predicted landslide zones with actual landslide locations, shows that over 75% of landslides occurred in high and very high-risk areas, confirming the model's accuracy. This study underscores the importance of sustainable land use planning, effective infrastructure management, and vegetation preservation in reducing landslide risks. Future mitigation efforts should focus on monitoring land use changes, strengthening vulnerable infrastructure, and enhancing early warning systems to minimize further landslide damage in the region.

Bantul is one of the regencies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta that was affected by the damage, losses, and casualties due to the Yogyakarta earthquake disaster in 2006. The current condition with the potential for a Megathrust earthquake in the South of Java Island is a special concern in determining the resilience of an area, determining what needs to be improved in preparedness, and providing alternative non-structural mitigation that can be carried out in dealing with earthquakes. This study was conducted to determine the resilience index in social and economic aspects which were then described into six derivative variables. The method used in this study uses literature studies and sequential data analysis. Secondary data is used to calculate the resilience index with predetermined weightings. The results showed that the resilience index in 2021, 2022, and 2023 in the social aspects of 0.985, 0.981, and 0.979 and economic aspects of 1.05, 1.08, and 1.06. During these three years, the index resilience of the social aspect has decreased so mitigation was needed to increase social aspect resilience and prepare the community to face earthquake disasters. One of the non-structural mitigation efforts that can be done is by providing education or training. The economic aspect also needs to be improved with several non-structural mitigation alternatives such as increasing and creating jobs and developing micro, small, and medium enterprises by maximizing the potential of local resources.

Students should be the primary beneficiaries of teachers' TPACK proficiency. This study aimed to investigate the proficiency of pre-service geography teachers in Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) through the lens of student perceptions. TPACK, a framework that integrates technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge, is crucial for effective teaching in the digital age. By understanding students' perceptions, this research sought to identify areas where pre-service teachers excel and where they might need further development. The respondents of this research were public high school (Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri/SMAN) students from Langsa City, Aceh Province. The number of respondents involved was 184 students. They came from SMAN 2 Langsa, SMAN 4 Langsa, and SMAN 5 Langsa where the pre-service teacher was placed during their teaching practice. The research method used is quantitative descriptive based on a questionnaire which aims to measure TPACK proficiency in pre-service geography teachers according to student perception. The results of the study showed that pre-service teachers' TPACK proficiency was very good based on the respondents' perspectives, especially in the aspects of pedagogy and geography content knowledge. However, technological knowledge has results at the good level, which is lower than the other two aspects. Based on these results, the recommendation offered is that the technological capabilities of pre-service geography teachers should to be improved to provide a better learning experience for students.

Effective waste management is one of the key efforts to achieve sustainable tourism development. The purpose of this study was to examine the waste management model in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park area, particularly in the Sea of Sand. The results of this study are expected to provide normative benefits to all stakeholders managing Bromo as a tourist destination and serve as evaluation material for addressing waste issues in the Sea of Sand area. The study was conducted in May 2022 using a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data collection methods included observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The sampling technique used in this research was purposive sampling, or criterion-based selection, considering the validity of information provided by specific respondents with relevant expertise. The primary informants consisted of the management of the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, government officials, guides, and the local community. The research findings indicate that waste management in the Bromo destination area is still suboptimal. Existing facilities are insufficiently representative, and utilities related to solid waste need further development. Furthermore, the coordination of waste management efforts has not been effectively implemented. Recommended measures for stakeholders in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park to improve waste management include: (1) developing waste management systems; (2) restricting the number of visitors to Bromo; (3) enhancing tourism utilities, such as environmentally-conscious signage systems; and (4) developing and maintaining tourist facilities and infrastructure.

The coastal areas of Semarang City have experienced land conversion due to development activities that threaten mangrove sustainability in recent years. The urgency of this research is the need to monitor mangrove density levels to be used as input in its management. The purpose of this study is to analyze changes in mangrove density levels and the occurrence of abrasion in time series using the Google Earth Engine cloud computing model. The research method used visual interpretation and spectral transformation of NDVI and MNDWI to identify spatial distribution, mangrove density and abrasion. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in mangrove area in 2019-2023 with an area of 111.74 hectares. Furthermore, the level of mangrove density is quite dynamic, especially for high density with a decrease in area from 2019 - 2023 with an area of 260.25 hectares, besides that the decline in high density mangroves also occurred in 2015 - 2023 with a decrease in area of 38.73 hectares. Abrasion in the research location was identified in 2 coastal villages, namely Mangunharjo Village with abrasion along 0.88 km (2015 - 2023) and Tugurejo Village with abrasion along 1.04 km, where both areas also experienced a decrease in mangrove area at a high-density level. In conlusion, there has been a decrease in the area and density of mangroves in the study site, one of which has an impact on abrasion.