Mandible fractures represent one of the most common facial injuries and represent an important proportion of the acute work in a maxillofacial unit in the hospitals. Usage of prophylactic broad- spectrum antibiotics in the management of mandible fractures is regarded mandatory and obligatory due to its prone to cervical necrotizing fasciitis and contaminated infection with the bacterial normal flora in the mouth. It is routinely used to decrease risk of infection and decrease stay in hospital. The choice of the antibiotics, dose, duration, and resistance is differed and should be an evidence-based guideline for the prescription of these drugs.Fractures of the mandible is the most common fractures more affecting male patients during the 3rd decade of life after social violence, motorized vehicle crash, road traffic accident, athletes, and victims of assault which represent a great challenge due to possible compromise the airway passages and infection .There are many types of mandibular fracture like simple (closed or linear involved condyle, subcondylar, ramus, coronoid process, edentuluoud body, angle, body, parasymphysis, and symphysis), compound, and comminuted

By consuming young leaves, undermining growth, and ultimately reducing agricultural output, the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, poses a major threat to over 90 plant species. Eco-friendly techniques to lessen harm to non-target organisms are given priority in integrated pest management systems. Among these, biological management techniques, such as the application of plant extracts and nanoparticles, have demonstrated significant effectiveness in managing the cotton leafworm.This study assessed how neem seed oil, spirulina, curcumin, and nano-graphene oxide affected the biological traits of Spodoptera littoralis. Larvae in their fourth instar were given fresh castor leaves that had been individually treated with each of the four compounds.Using the fourth instars, the calculated LC50 values for Neem seed oil, Spirulina, Curcumin and Nano-Graphene Oxide were84.77, 54.3, 102.2 and 47.717 ppm respectively, using the fourth instars. All treatments influenced larval and pupal durations, extending them by 24 % and 41% with neem seed extract, 23 and 87 % by Spirulina, by 7% and 54% with Curcumin and by 27 and 31 % with Nano-Graphene Oxide. Adult longevity also affected negatively by 29, 85, 41 and 35 % with Neem seed oil, Spirulina, Curcumin and Nano-Graphene Oxide, respectively. Digestive enzymatic activities in the insects were significantly affected following treatment with the LC-values of all treatments.

Bio-deterioration of buildings is a big challenging issue worldwide. Therefore, the current study quested for finding ecofriendly approach against building bio-deteriorator microbes. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are natural polymeric nanoparticles with unique characteristics and exhibits potent antimicrobial activities, making them a promising eco-friendly material for biocontrol. Thus, this study describes an alternative, green synthesis approach for CNPs using the cell free supernatant of Paradendryphiella sp. as a crosslinking and stabilizing agent. The SEM and TEM analyses showed that CNPs are spherical particles, with sizes ranging from 10.1 to 26.08 nm. The presence of several bands in the FTIR spectrum shows the existence of capping agents that stabilize CNPs. X-ray diffraction reveals the crystalline structure of CNPs. A time-dependent antifungal assay of CNPs was implemented against Exophiala dermatitidis as a model of slow growing meristematic black fungi that causes building biodeterioration. The results revealed that upon employing the higher doses of CNPs (250 and 500 µg/mL), significant fungicidal potency was exhibited within 33 and 57 h exposure time, with significant (P–value ˂ 0.0001) lethality rate (K-value) of -0.06 and -0.009 CFU/ml/h, respectively. Further, SEM micrographs illustrated the prevalence of morphologically deteriorated macroconidia or budding yeast cells without polymeric matrix of biofilm with minor presence of crinkled mycelia and avoiding of pseudo-hyphae and sclerotic bodies, reflecting thereby the losing of cells pathogenicity through lethal antimycotic potentiality of CNPs. Hence, the current study highlights the possibility of employing the mycogenically fabricated CNPs as hygienic coating in maintaining building structures from bioreceptivity and biodeterioration.

T HE MARINE microbiome consists of diverse microorganisms in ocean environments that are essential for nutrient cycling, ecosystem health, and global biogeochemical. This study focused on isolating and identifying a new bacterial strain collected from the Red Sea. The strain has the ability to produce antifungal compound as a bioactive secondary metabolite. One of six bacterial isolates from Gulf of Suez showed antagonistic activities against different fungi pathogens. The potent Bacillus strain (H19) was identified by MALDI-TOF as Bacillus Cereus. The pathogen fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium glaprun, Aspergillus niger, mucor circinelloid and Candida albicans) were all antagonistically determined by H19. The strain (H19) demonstrated the largest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans (29±0.1mm). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the 2:1 methanol:chloroform extracts of the bacterial culture supernatant from strain H19 revealed the presence of two predominant bioactive compounds: Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester. These compounds were identified as possessing significant antimicrobial activity.

T HIS study focuses on the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from marine microbial species, specifically targeting their potential as antibacterial agents. A marine sample was collected from Ain Sokhna, leading to the identification of six bacterial isolates (J8-J13) evaluated for their antagonistic activity against seven bacterial pathogens. Among these, Bacillus strain J13 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with a zone of inhibition measuring (30 ± 0.1 mm) against Bacillus cereus, and notable inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28 ± 0.1 mm), Bacillus subtilis (28 ± 0.2 mm), Salmonella typhimurium (27 ± 0.2 mm), Escherichia coli (25 ± 0.2 mm), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (23 ± 0.2 mm). The chemical analysis of J13's metabolites was conducted using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealing several bioactive compounds, including bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranged from 15.62 to 31.25 µg/ml, indicating the efficacy of these compounds at low concentrations. Advanced biotechnological techniques such as genomic sequencing and metabolomic profiling could further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial properties of these compounds, maximizing their potential for therapeutic applications. By integrating these approaches, this research not only contributes valuable insights into combating antibiotic resistance but also paves the way for developing innovative treatments that could significantly impact human health and well-being.

Due to the environmental and human health concerns of the conventional agricultural practices, organic and biodynamic represent eco-friendly alternative farming systems that increase crop productivity while sustaining soil health. Present study is dedicated to examine the soil fertility as affected by long term application of three different farming systems, bio-dynamic, organic and conventional (DOK). To do that, the rhizosphere soil of wheat plants (W-Rh) grown under DOK farming systems were collected and the total population numbers of bacteria, fungi, diazotrophs, phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria were assessed, as well as the chemical and physical properties of W-Rh-soils. To evaluate the bacterial functional capabilities, we obtained a number of bacterial isolates, representing the three farming systems, and characterized their direct and indirect plant growth promoting (PGP) activities. A bioassay test was performed to determine the capacity of DOK soils to support the germination and growth performance of wheat plant. The results revealed that D-W-Rh samples harbored significantly higher bacterial populations in comparison to O-W-Rh and K-W-Rh samples, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for fungal populations. Bacterial isolates from the three systems exhibited diverse capabilities, without a clear correlation between a specific function with a particular system. Bioassay test revealed that wheat plants grown in soil form biodynamic system displayed higher germination rate, root and shoot fresh and dry weights followed by those from organic then conventional systems. Thus, different systems had distinct impacts on soil fertility with the biodynamic having a superior influence on the measured plant growth parameters.

Deadly pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) are becoming more prevalent every day and represent a major danger to human health. This research aimed to isolate and quantify vancomycin resistant MDR (VRMDR) Enterococcus faecalis and extended-spectrum β-lactamase MDR (ESBLMDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae by detecting specific genes and the use of TiO2 Aspergillus oryzae nanoparticles as antibacterial agent against the two strains. One hundred and fifty clinical specimens were collected from Mbarret El-Asafra Hospital, 80 isolates were E. faecalis and 70 isolates were K. pneumoniae. 21/80 was found to be VRMDR E. faecalis, the findings showed that 76.19% of VRMDR E. faecalis strains harboured the VanA gene and 90.47% harboured the VanB gene, while 66.66% of them carried the two resistance genes. On the other hand, 18/70 samples were found to be ESBLMDR K. pneumoniae, the findings showed that 72.22% of ESBLMDR K. pneumoniae strains harboured the blaTEM gene and 61.11% harboured the blaSHV gene, while 33.33% of them carried the two resistance genes. 30µg/ml of nano TiO2 A. oryzae was found to be the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the VRMDR E. faecalis, while 50µg/ml of nano TiO2 A. oryzae was found to be the MIC for the ESBLMDR K. pneumoniae. The IC50 of TiO2 A. oryzae nanoparticles against human gastric epithelial cell line (GES1) was 563.023±31.7µg/ml compared to chloramphenicol, imipenem drugs and TiO2 nanoparticles showing (563.023±31.7µg/ml, 169.386±9.32µg/ml, 71.692±5.05µg/ml and 30.562±3.22µg/ml) respectively, showing that TiO2 nanoparticles, chloramphenicol and imipenem were more cytotoxic on GES1 normal cells than TiO2 A. oryzae nanoparticles.

This study was conducted to determine the level of contamination of, and whether there were any bacteria or yeasts on, the mobile phones of staff members and students, as well as on computers with touch displays and keyboards. Amount of 100 samples, being the total number of devices screened, both mobile phones and computer keyboards. All samples obtained from either mobile phones or keyboards showed various species of haemolysis microbes: beta haemolysis (β), alpha haemolysis (α), and gamma haemolysis (γ). A sample of 50 mobile phones and 50 computer keyboards were tested for the presence of coliform bacteria, Salmonella and Shigella strains, Staphylococcus sp., and yeasts. In regard to the percentages of microorganisms found in mobile phone samples, 55% of the total bacteria counted on contaminated devices came from multi-bacterial species, while no considerable contamination was detected by yeasts. The infection levels of mobile phone samples differed depending on the microbial load found on the samples. Similarly, various microorganisms were detected on the tested computer keyboards, with 50% of bacterial identified, with 25% being coliform bacteria, 16% Staphylococcus sp., 5% Salmonella and Shigella strains, and 4% yeasts. The infection level of computer keyboard samples again differed depending on the microbial load of the samples. The findings reveal that the infection rate for isolated organisms was relatively low. Lack of certain hygiene conditions, such as a protective cover, and use of public touchscreen laptops, keyboards and mobile phones without considering hygiene, are risk factors for microorganism contamination on these devices.