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Ground-Dwelling Beetle Responses to Long-Term Precipitation Alterations in a Hardwood Forest

It is widely predicted that regional precipitation patterns may be altered due to climate change, and these changes may affect areas with extensive forests. Therefore, studies investigating the role of this climate driver on forest floor fauna are timely. We examined the impact of precipitation alteration over 13 years on Coleoptera (specifically Family Carabidae) communities in a temperate forest by testing the effects of dry (33% precipitation interception), ambient (control), and wet (33% precipitation addition) treatments. We collected insects in pitfall traps and quantified forest-floor physical and chemical parameters. Beetle abundance and Carabidae tribe richness were significantly reduced in dry plots. Community similarity was substantially higher between wet and ambient plots compared to dry plots due to the substantial reduction of three dominant carabid tribes. Litter mass increased overall, litter nitrogen decreased, and carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N) and total phenolics increased in the dry-plot Oi horizon. Beetle abundance and tribe richness were positively related to soil moisture, and beetle abundance was negatively related to litter mass. Microarthropod abundance was highest in the dry treatment. This study provides evidence that shifting precipitation patterns predicted with climate change could alter important ground-fauna communities in extensive ecosystems such as temperate forests.

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"The Blackness of the Day": Job's Regressive Paradise as Creation Unmade

Early in his book Tears and Saints , E. M. Cioran (1995: 17-18) describes the “original forgotten vision” which individuals pursue as they age. Cioran argues that God is everyone’s initial memory, and he asks, “Are they haunted by dateless memories which evoke the immediate proximity of God in paradise? Could they be hiding in the depths of their memory the figure of Divinity?” The entrapment individuals feel, being subject to temporality, inevitably awakens an awareness or a foreboding of the otherworldly, the eternal. Cioran is fascinated – and maddened – by saints, for they alone are able to successfully enter “dateless memories,” indeed the very presence of God, although what they aim for is not completely grasped. Increasing age is not the only thing that propels individuals to retrogressively pursue their first memory of God, if indeed this is true; suffering also has the power to drive one toward one’s original memory, God (hence why many of the saints, particularly in their youth, inflict suffering upon themselves in pursuit of mystical rapture). Such is the case in the book of Job; readers are introduced to Job, a man who is “blameless, upright, fearing God and turning away from evil” (Job, 1, 1). Nevertheless, God agrees twice to allow Job to suffer in response to Satan’s requests. As calamity sets upon him over the course of two separate days, Job’s mind turns not to nostalgia but instead to God himself; Job pursues God in an attempt to place his suffering in a suitable and sufficient framework for understanding. Job also pursues God in an attempt to investigate this perceived change in God, who now seems not beneficent but malevolent. While Job chooses to pursue God through the despair caused by his [Job’s] undeserved suffering, readers should be uneasy with Satan’s return into God’s court,

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