Multi-phase fluid flows can be observed almost everywhere in nature and have a wide of range applications in engineering and natural processes such as atomization of jets and sprays, breaking waves, emulsions, boiling phenomenon, ship hydrodynamics, waterfalls and bubbly motion in cooling towers of nuclear power plants etc. In this paper, a physically possible mass conservative level set method of COMSOL multi-physics software has been illustrated to numerically investigate multi-phase fluid flow problem with and without considering surface tension concentrated on the interface. Here, the interface is represented by 0.5 iso- contour of the level set function ???? where the value of ???? is zero for the fluid inside the interface and 1 for the fluid outside the interface. In order to preserve the mass of the individual fluid phase present in actual physical problem, re- initialization procedure is made integral to the level set advection equation which is also known as governing equation of the dynamically evolving moving interface to keep the thickness (i.e. ????) of the interface constant across which the level set function ???? varies smoothly from 0 to 1.The re-initialization process which is also called intermediate step consists of an artificial compressive flux try to compress the interface when its width is enhanced by the diffusion term, thus they are acting in opposite sense. When these two terms are in equilibrium then only finite thickness of the moving interface (i.e. ????) will be obtained. “P1+P1” discretization scheme is employed to discretize the incompressible Navier stokes equation whereas “linear” discretization technique is implemented to discretize the governing equation for the dynamically evolving interface. Single bubble rising problem in a matrix involving large density ratio (i.e. 1000) with and without considering surface tension have been numerically investigated using the proposed physically possible mass conservative level set method. However, transient evolution of a single bubble in a horizontal developing flow field without considering surface tension has also been numerically simulated to illustrate the robustness of this proposed numerical method. In all these case studies excellent mass conservation of the secondary fluid i.e. the bubble has been reported by using the proposed mass conservative level set method. Few benchmark incompressible two-phase flow problems in a rectangular geometry which includes merging of two-bubble having same density in a matrix with and without considering surface tension and rising of a single bubble involving different density ratios, viscosity ratios and also different magnitude of surface tension have been numerically computed for the purpose of proposed model validation.

Millions of individuals around the world are sixty years of age or older. Global concerns about aging populations have been impacting social welfare and healthcare systems. As people get older, people find it more difficult to carry out their daily tasks, which affects their mental and physical health. Additionally, there are increasing events affecting the elderly, especially in and around their homes, with serious consequences including hospitalization. The most prevalent cause of injuries among the elderly is falls. Human Activity Recognitions (HARs) are techniques that use (ML ) algorithms to identify human activities from sensor data and categorize human behaviors such as standing, walking, and running. HARs are crucial for human behavior analysis and human-computer interaction in applications related to serious illness identification, patient rehabilitation, and healthy lifestyles. A growingly useful use of MLis the prediction of human behavior, where computers that keep an eye on routines and step in when there is a crisis or a shift in behavior may be very helpful to the elderly. Despite the fact that many academics use ML approaches, only few studies about HARs of elderly people exist. By concentrating on tracking human motions utilizing perceived accelerometer and gyroscope data, this effort aims to close the aforementioned gap. According on the results of experiments, this paper proposes the Scaled Regressive Human Activity Detection Model (SRHADM), an ML -based schema that can accurately identify human activities 90% of the time. Human centered applications such as actively supported living and home monitors can be properly utilized with the help of SRHADM implementations. Since it could shed light on the possible therapeutic or research uses of HARs, this knowledge might be important for clinical applications.

In literature, we find many topological indices based on the degree of the vertex. In this article, we initiate the study of a new index which takes into account, the smallest dominating set involving a vertex. This is called as lower domination number of a graph relative to a vertex. Using this lower domination number of a graph relative to a vertex, we have introduced new indices called Lower Domination Index and Lower Domination coindex of a graph. We have obtained the relation between these indices and co-indices for a general graph and these indices have been obtained for different graphs and their derived graphs. A new graph polynomial called Lower Domination Polynomial has been introduced and is obtained for some standard graphs.

Efficient washing of fresh tomatoes is essential to reduce surface contaminants and microbial load while maintaining product quality. The present study compared the effectiveness of hand washing using untreated potable water and treated water containing 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite on the washing performance and quality attributes of tomatoes. Washing trials were conducted at retention times of 1, 2, and 3 minutes under ambient conditions. Mechanical washing efficiency, microbial washing efficiency, bruise index, and colour attributes (L*, a*, and b*) were evaluated. The results showed that washing efficiency and microbial reduction increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with an increase in retention time for both treatments. However, tomatoes washed with treated water exhibited significantly higher mechanical and microbial washing efficiencies compared to those washed with untreated water. The highest performance was achieved at a 3-minute retention time using 100 ppm chlorine-treated water, resulting in 87% mechanical washing efficiency and 88% microbial washing efficiency. The bruise index remained low (0.6) and was not significantly affected (p > 0.05) by the washing treatments, indicating minimal physical damage. Colour index values demonstrated improved colour retention in tomatoes washed with treated water. Overall, the study concludes that hand washing with 100 ppm chlorine-treated water for a retention time of 3 minutes is an effective, safe, and economical method for improving the cleanliness and microbial safety of tomatoes without compromising quality. The findings provide practical insights for small-scale handling and post-harvest sanitation of fresh produce.

The unsignalized four-leg intersection at Jalan Ciliwung – Jalan Karya Timur in Malang frequently experiences severe congestion due to its role as a key corridor and interruptions from railway gate closures. This study evaluates the intersection’s operational performance and proposes improvements to enhance traffic flow. Using a descriptive quantitative method, data were collected across six sessions: Saturday morning/evening, Monday morning/evening, and Wednesday morning/evening, documenting traffic volume, queue lengths, and gate closure durations. Analysis followed the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2023). Findings reveal that the degree of saturation exceeded PKJI thresholds (0.90–0.91), with mean delays of 15.63–15.89 s/vehicle, indicating poor performance. The optimal intervention—right-turn prohibition combined with road widening—reduced saturation to 0.78 and delay to 13.04 s/vehicle.

Urban fires are one of the most common and devastating hazards in Indian cities because of high-density development with inadequate infrastructure. This study applies Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) integrated with GIS for identifying and analyzing the spatial fire risk patterns across Nagpur City in Maharashtra over three years, including incident data on fire from 2020 to 2022. A total of 487 geocoded fire events have been processed in order to create a continuous surface density that represents the intensity of fire incidents. The KDE model was run within ArcGIS 10.8 using a 500 m bandwidth for the city, classifying it into four classes of risk: Very High, High, Moderate, and Low. Strong clustering was observed around the Gandhibagh-Satranjipura-Lakadganj zones, which contributed almost 46% to the incidents for only 15% of the urban area. Further validation with the KDE surface through the correlation and ROC analysis resulted in r = 0.81 and AUC = 0.86, meaning that this surface is highly accurate. Spatial overlay with fire station coverage shows severe service gaps in many high-risk wards and peripheral residential sectors having relatively low exposure. These spatial insights show that urban morphology and land-use composition are a strong driving force for fire risk in Nagpur. This study underlines the utility of KDE as a low-cost, reproducible tool for mapping urban fire risk and also supports policy recommendations on optimization of fire stations, safety zoning, and evidence-based resilience planning. The results add to the emerging area of spatial disaster analytics and provide a feasible paradigm for municipal-level fire risk mitigation in rapidly urbanizing Indian cities.

In today’s highly competitive market, there is a growing demand for lightweight, cost-effective designs that do not compromise structural integrity or functional performance. In end-suction centrifugal pumps, the casing wall thickness significantly contributes to the overall weight of the product. The study performs design re-engineering of large size pump used for sewage application which add significant value towards product upgradation. This design gives competitive advantage & results into customer satisfaction. In the existing casing design, it is observed that wall thickness is variable which introduces several challenges including uneven weight distribution, potential stress concentration zones, complex manufacturability, difficult quality inspections, and increased material waste, etc. These factors collectively extend the product development cycle and reduce overall efficiency. The study focuses on structural optimization and weight reduction of pump casing and makes it manufacturing friendly design with consistent wall thickness. This is achieved by using simulation driven approach. Simulations / Analysis carried out for pump casing to study the overall stress distribution in the casing region and identify the critical and the non-critical locations. Complementary analytical calculations were also performed to validate and correlate the simulation results, showing strong agreement between both methods. Based on stress distribution of the existing casing, various design optimization simulations are explored to achieve a uniform wall thickness. Accordingly, design iteration is selected which meets the requirement of stress and factor of safety (FOS) requirements. This study led to 6% reduction (a saving of over half a ton) in casing weight, achieved consistent wall thickness ensuring structural strength and produce a sustainable, environmentally friendly design by using CAD and simulation/analysis tools. This study also demonstrates the application of meshless technology at the designer level to accelerate the design process as compared to conventional processes.

This study presents the design optimization of a centrifugal pump casing to prevent failures observed during burst pressure testing. For high-pressure centrifugal pumps, both the material selection and geometric design of the casing play a critical role in ensuring mechanical integrity. As part of prototype validation, burst pressure testing was conducted, during which premature failure of the casing was observed—an issue taken seriously within the organization. A detailed failure investigation revealed that the rib geometry was inadequate to sustain the required pressure. To further analyse the failure mechanism, stress simulations were performed. The results showed a strong correlation between the high-stress regions predicted by simulation and the actual failure locations on the casing. Subsequent design optimization iterations were undertaken, focusing on reducing stress concentrations and improving the structural integrity of the casing. These iterations included modifications to the rib geometry to ensure the design could withstand the target burst pressure. Stress distribution in the critical rib area was analysed, and the factor of safety was calculated for each design iteration. The final optimized design met the desired stress limits and safety factor requirements. CAD models were accordingly updated to reflect the improved design. This optimization effort resulted in significant benefits, including enhanced reliability, improved product quality, structural feasibility, and a better strength-to-weight ratio. Furthermore, the redesigned casing contributed to increased customer satisfaction and alignment with sustainability goals by improving long-term durability.

This research presents a detailed mathematical analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary-layer flow and heat-transfer characteristics of hybrid nanofluids over a porous exponentially stretching sheet in the presence of thermal radiation. Hybrid nanofluids have attracted considerable interest based on their enhanced thermophysical properties compared to conventional mono nanofluids and base fluids. Their superior thermal conductivity provides a novel approach to improving energy transportation in modern thermal systems. In this study, the governing partial differential equations characterizing conservation of mass, momentum, and energy are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. These equations will be solved numerically using the shooting technique in conjunction with the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF45) method to provide high accuracy and stability. The effect of important physical parameters, including the magnetic parameter (M), porosity parameter (K), and thermal radiation parameter (Rd), are investigated in detail to ascertain their effect on velocity and temperature distribution in the boundary layer.The findings suggest that by increasing the values of M and K, greater resistive forces (e.g., Lorentz drag and porous-medium resistance) will produce a retardation in the flow of the fluid. Conversely, an arbitrarily large increase in the radiation level will contribute to a significantly increased temperature profile due to increases in radiative energy transfer. The comparison of the hybrid nanofluid and mono-nanofluid models further indicates the heat-transfer capabilities of hybrid nanoparticles are significantly more advantageous, which is expected due to the heat-transfer opportunities afforded by the multiple particles. The skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt numbers are then calculated numerically, with confirmatory values that closely align with previous works to demonstrate validity of the current work.

The professional competencies of teachers, educators, and pedagogues play a significant role in contemporary society which upholds the principles of inclusive policy. The foundation of social professionalism lies in the synthesis of various components: psychological, pedagogical, methodological, communicative, and informational. The European concept of understanding educational professionals today is based on a renewed perspective of competence and a high level of professionalism. Current global educational trends are oriented towards fostering an inclusive environment in education, as the primary goal of 21st-century education is to build a new society—one in which all individuals are equal and share the same rights, including the right to education. This paper theoretically explores the key elements necessary for inducing an inclusive environment. It examines pedagogical strategies and their influence on specific components of quality, with the aim of developing social professionalism.