This paper considers the issue of users’ rights protection, namely regarding the users of online games. Nowadays, the rules for using online gaming accounts are prescribed by the license agreements, which are mandatory for everyone who wants to get access to digital service. However, such agreements oftentimes break the users’ rights, giving large possibilities for providers who are openly abusing users. One of the ways to protect rights of users of online gaming accounts is to recognize their property rights regarding the in-game items. This approach is highly debatable, but there are arguments in favor of such. This paper is focusing on the status of online gaming accounts and in-game items as digital assets and looks into the possibility to extend property rights to these objects. Current issues regarding the rights and interests of users in relation to virtual world providers are also discussed, as well as the current regulatory landscape for digital assets, including online gaming accounts, which is briefly reviewed.

The study explores the comparative method in criminal law as a crucial tool for legal research and education. The authors examine its application in different legal traditions, while pointing out significant differences between common law and continental law approaches. They argue that globalization has heightened the need for comparative legal studies, as nations increasingly interact and adapt legal principles across jurisdictions. However, the research highlights challenges, particularly the strong differences in criminal law systems, shaped by historical, cultural, and political factors. The paper employs key methodological tools, such as analysis, synthesis, and modeling, which help structure comparative legal research. It also emphasizes the role of comparative law in overall legal harmonization and reform, while providing insights into how legal systems define crimes, determine liability, and apply punishments. The authors conclude that comparative criminal law should not exist in isolation but as part of broader comparative legal studies, thereby contributing to the development of criminal law theory and practice. This research is particularly relevant in the context of Ukraine’s legal integration with European and other global legal systems, demonstrating how comparative methodology can inform national legal reforms and improve the effectiveness of criminal justice systems worldwide.

The purpose of this study is to provide a scientific analysis of the challenges in ensuring the rights and free-doms of indigenous peoples, drawing on the experiences of Ukraine and other countries, and to formulate well-founded conclusions and recommendations for addressing these issues. The study highlights several key points, including the lack of a universally accepted definition of “indigenous peoples” and a consistent ap-proach to their rights, the prevailing perception of indigenous peoples as ethnic minorities without a state, the existence of diverse national policies regarding these communities, and the crucial importance of safeguarding their rights to preserve cultural identity. Research in this field primarily focuses on the participation of indige-nous self-governments in the implementation of national policies, particularly those related to environmental impact; the protection of indigenous cultural identity, including intellectual property rights; and the enhance-ment of the legal status of indigenous peoples at both national and international levels. Moreover, Ukraine’s experience provides valuable insights for other states in assessing the ability of governmental institutions to engage with indigenous representative bodies under special legal regimes. The study concludes that unmember states should prioritize the adoption of a standardized definition of “indigenous peoples” alongside a comprehensive framework for their rights and freedoms. Additionally, it underscores that Ukraine’s experience is largely centered on protecting the rights of its indigenous groups—namely, the Crimean Tatars, Karaites, and Krymchaks—against human rights violations perpetrated by the occupying Russian authorities in Crimea and other temporarily occupied territories. Finally, it emphasizes the absence of effective international mechanisms for safeguarding these rights.

Incitement to suicide has been regulated differently in the majority of legal systems worldwide, through both direct codification and as a part of other criminal offenses. The modern media of communication that had been developed brought new legal challenges in preventing harmful impacts from one person to another, which may result in suicide. Very recently, similar cases took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, leaving many questions unresolved: should the individuals who were (online) mocking the victim be treated as inciters, thus criminal offenders? Therefore, unveiling the legal regulation of acts of criminal offense Incitement to Suicide tests if the legislation updated their norms in line with these new challenges. Through doctrinal and comparative methods, a legal analysis of the regulation of incite-ment to suicide will be conducted in this manuscript, withstanding factual differences in its’ sanctions and difficulties in prosecution, with the focus being on the criminal law of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Comparison will be made with the regulations in the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Germany. The manuscript will result in recommen-dations about the prevention of critical events and incitement to suicide to be perpetrated.

A systematic analysis of judicial practice reveals that gathering evidence in criminal proceedings related to co-rruption and corruption-related offenses is an exceptionally complex and multidimensional process. This com-plexity stems primarily from the inherently multifaceted nature of corruption in the modern scientific discourse. Additionally, over the past decade, there has been an ongoing effort to redefine and enhance anti-corruption measures within the state. Key institutions such as the Asset Tracing and Management Agency, the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office, and the High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine play a pivotal role in addres-sing corruption-related offenses. The guiding principles for combating corruption in a legally compromised environment are regarded as top priorities, as they form the foundation for investigative and prosecutorial procedures. These principles define the procedural framework, the specific characteristics of investigative and covert operations, and the primary challenges associated with conducting them. Some core conceptual prin-ciples include: the extreme complexity of proof in criminal proceedings on corruption and corruption-related criminal offenses in Ukraine; compliance with the requirements of national and international human rights standards; the complex nature of investigative (detective) actions and covert investigative (detective) actions; and interaction with the public.

The concept of state security is widely recognized as a fundamental pillar in safeguarding a nation’s security environment, particularly against both external and internal threats. These threats, whether acting individually or collectively, complicate the functioning of state institutions, civil society, and other critical sectors. A per-sistent challenge in this domain is the deliberate creation of an artificially manipulated information environ-ment, which significantly shapes public consciousness and fosters sentiments hostile to the state and its core attributes. This phenomenon manifests through the spread of misleading narratives, various forms of illegal activity, and psychological destabilization. Beyond their societal impact, such threats pose a direct risk to the state’s territorial integrity, sovereignty, and independence. They also undermine the democratic decision-ma-king process, weaken national defense capabilities, and hinder the population’s ability to actively participate in national resistance efforts. Among the specific challenges to state security, the protection of critical infras-tructure is particularly vital, with energy infrastructure emerging as a primary target of enemy attacks in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Additionally, cyberspace remains highly vulnerable, underscoring the urgent need for a comprehensive real-time cybersecurity analytics system to safeguard critical infrastructure. Furthermore, advancing scientific research in the defense sector is essential. Interdisciplinary studies focused on security-related innovations play a crucial role in enhancing national defense strategies. Such research should analyze the experiences of Ukraine’s security and defense forces in adapting to modern combat me-thods, including the deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles and other advanced technologies.

This research examines the concept of meaningful public participation in the legislative process in Indonesia, emphasizing its importance in achieving democratic governance and ensuring legislation reflects the people’s will. The study uses a normative legal research method, analyzing laws and doctrines related to participa-tory democracy and the principles of public involvement. The findings highlight that public participation in Indonesia remains limited to consultative and informative levels, as reflected in the legislation process regu-lated by Law No. 12 of 2011 and its amendments. The study identifies gaps in implementation and proposes adopting principles from deliberative democracy and public participation theories to enhance legislative inclu-siveness and effectiveness. The research concludes that meaningful participation requires clear mechanisms and parameters to balance legislative decision-making with public aspirations.

The most fundamental ethical and managerial challenges associated with organizing remote work in police agencies and units under martial law have been analyzed. It has been noted that the covid-19 pandemic was a key event that introduced new challenges to humanity while simultaneously prompting numerous organiza-tional, managerial, and regulatory initiatives in the field of remote work. The nature of managerial decisions in this area has been clarified, and the key aspects of implementing these decisions—closely tied to the existing security situation—have been examined. Uncontrollable variables that must be considered when making ma-nagerial decisions regarding the organization of remote work in police agencies and units under martial law have also been analyzed. Additionally, the challenges and benefits of organizing professional training for police officers in a remote work environment have been explored. Regarding the ethical dimension of remote work organization in police agencies and units under martial law, the most significant ethical challenges have been identified. These challenges necessitate a fundamental reassessment of police officers’ integrity in the context of new security conditions.

The provision of legal aid to indigent defendants in criminal proceedings in Cameroon faces numerous opera-tional and legal challenges. Despite the country’s ratification of key international legal instruments recognizing the need to provide legal aid in criminal cases—particularly for the accused—its policies for incorporating the right to legal aid into domestic legislation and other enabling laws remain problematic. Various oversight defi-ciencies hinder the effective implementation of public legal aid schemes, particularly in criminal proceedings. As a result, a significant number of accused persons, often unfamiliar with the complexities of the adversarial criminal justice system, are compelled to represent themselves, putting their legal rights at serious risk. This article argues that enhancing the legal aid system and ensuring its sustainability in Cameroon’s criminal jus-tice process can only be achieved through a comprehensive review of the normative framework governing the right to legal aid and its implementation under public legal aid schemes. The article concludes that the legal and regulatory frameworks governing legal aid in Cameroon suffer from serious shortcomings, which have undermined the country’s limited efforts to fulfil its international obligations to provide state-funded counsel to indigent defendants. Additionally, the article contributes to the broader discourse on the promotion of legal aid in Cameroon’s criminal justice system, where existing research has predominantly focused on inadequate funding as the primary cause of its inefficiency.

The importance of this scientific research is due to the multi-vector nature of the challenges faced by law en-forcement agencies of Ukraine in the context of the ongoing aggression by Russia. In the context of the study, attention is focused on problematic aspects in the field of logistical support of law enforcement agencies. Firstly, it concerns such problematic issues as lack of adequate lighting; security difficulties in organizing work, especially in those cities that are subject to constant shelling; inability to effectively ensure public safety and order, etc. Analyzing the security challenges, it was noted that the scientific community has not developed a comprehensive approach to the tactics of law enforcement agencies in the face of radiation contamination, an emergency with nitrogen emissions, artificial flooding caused by the destruction of a hydroelectric power plant, etc. The tactics of law enforcement agencies during the inspection of the site of a missile strike in the face of possible repeated attacks, and the interaction of various bodies and units to ensure their maximum safety also need to be developed. An important area of scientific research is to rethink the use of special means and weapons by law enforcement agencies, as the use of the latest tactical techniques best allows them to fulfill the tasks facing law enforcement agencies in the context of armed aggression and countermeasures. Law enforcement agencies also face challenges related to information flows of narratives.