Introduction:: Pharmacogenetics is revolutionising psychiatric care by providing insights into how genetic variants, particularly in CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, affect drug metabolism, efficacy, and side effects. These insights help clinicians tailor treatment for drugs such as SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and antipsychotics, reducing trial-and-error prescribing and improving patient outcomes. This study aims to investigate the influence of genetic variations, particularly in CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, on drug metabolism, therapeutic effectiveness, and adverse effects in psychiatric treatment. Methods:: This systematic review integrates information from PharmGKB and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines, as well as data from PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and reputable health organisations using keywords related to the study topic. Inclusion criteria encompassed peerreviewed articles, studies in English, and research published within the last 10 years. Exclusion criteria included non-relevant or duplicate studies. The selection process followed PRISMA guidelines, with data extraction focusing on study design, outcomes, and reliability to ensure transparency and credibility. The review also examines new findings, such as polygenic risk scores and expanded multigene testing platforms, and highlights clinically relevant gene–drug interactions, including the effect of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on risperidone metabolism. Results:: This study emphasises the significant role of pharmacogenetics in psychiatric treatment, specifically regarding genetic variants in CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. These genetic factors influence treatment with SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and antipsychotics by altering medication metabolism, effectiveness, and adverse effects. The study examines key gene–drug interactions and emerging technologies such as polygenic risk scores, utilising data from PharmGKB, CPIC recommendations, and major medical databases. Discussion:: Despite its promise, widespread implementation faces challenges such as cost, accessibility, and the need for clinician education. Addressing these obstacles through improved insurance coverage and integration of electronic health records can advance precision medicine, thereby enhancing patient outcomes and reducing adverse effects. The gap can be narrowed by employing strategies such as increasing insurance coverage for testing and incorporating genetic decision-support tools into electronic health records. Conclusion:: Integrating pharmacogenetics into psychiatric care can improve treatment safety and precision. For broad adoption, challenges such as cost, test accessibility, and physician education must be addressed. This review supports a future in which pharmacogenetic insights guide psychiatric care to improve treatment outcomes and reduce adverse drug reactions.

Abstract:: Chronic inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis have a major negative impact on quality of life. In recent years, there have been remarkable advancements in pharmaceutical approaches to managing psoriasis, including the evaluation of biologics, treatments using tiny molecules, and innovative topical treatments. Biologics, such as IL- 17, IL-23, and TNF-α inhibitors, have changed the way that treatment is administered, offering targeted and efficient options for psoriasis that is moderate to severe. Small molecule therapies, including PDE4 and JAK inhibitors, provide additional therapeutic options, especially for patients with mild to moderate disease or those unresponsive to biologics. Nanotechnology-based treatments, microneedles, and gene editing are emerging as potential innovations to enhance drug delivery and address the underlying genetic mechanisms of the disease. Personalized medicine, driven by biomarker research, is increasingly recognized as a crucial strategy to maximize the results of treatment and minimize adverse effects. Furthermore, the rise of biosimilars offers cost-effective alternatives to traditional biologics, making advanced therapies more accessible. Despite these advancements, challenges such as drug resistance, long-term safety concerns, and limited access to innovative treatments remain. Continued research and development in these areas hold promise for improving long-term psoriasis management and patient outcomes.

Background:: Deprescribing has emerged as a critical intervention to address polypharmacy-related complications in older adults. This comprehensive review examines the current evidence base, implementation strategies, and future directions for deprescribing in geriatric populations. Objective:: To provide a comprehensive overview of deprescribing in older populations by examining its definition, evidence base, potential benefits and risks, implementation strategies, and emerging technologies, including applications of artificial intelligence. Methods:: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using multiple databases, including Embase, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Studies reporting deprescribing interventions in older adults, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and articles addressing implementation barriers were included. References were hand-searched for additional relevant studies. Results:: Deprescribing interventions demonstrate significant benefits, including reduced adverse drug reactions (ADRs), decreased falls, improved quality of life, and reduced healthcare utilization. Evidence from multiple international studies shows success rates ranging from 67.4% to 96.9% across different clinical settings. However, potential negative effects include withdrawal symptoms, rebound effects, and disease relapse, occurring in approximately 26% of medication cessations. Key implementation facilitators include patient-centred approaches, multidisciplinary collaboration, and structured decisionmaking tools. Barriers include time constraints, clinician reluctance, and insufficient standardized protocols. Emerging artificial intelligence technologies show promise for personalizing deprescribing recommendations. Conclusions:: Successful deprescribing requires coordinated efforts integrating evidencebased protocols, patient-centred care, and multidisciplinary collaboration. Future research should focus on developing standardized methodologies, addressing implementation barriers, and exploring AI-assisted personalized approaches to optimize medication management in older adults.

Introduction: Matricaria chamomilla, also known as chamomile or German chamomile, is native to Europe but has significantly spread to different parts of the world. It has long been used as a traditional remedy due to its diverse medicinal properties. Interestingly, the entire plant has been used to treat wound infections, diarrhea, diabetes, inflammation, skin disorders, and nerve-related abnormalities. This review aims to summarise the pharmacological mechanisms and clinical potential of Matricaria chamomilla phytochemicals. Methods: In this study, information from diverse studies on Matricaria chamomilla was diligently collected from multiple sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect, and others, using relevant keywords. The literature was reviewed to curate insightful data on its phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and related therapeutic potentials, along with their advantages and limitations. Results: Studies have shown that the plant contains several phytochemical compounds with multiple biological activities. Key pharmacological activities include antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. The secondary metabolites mainly include flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, and phenylpropanoids, with their derivatives such as apigenin, α-bisabolol, chamazulene, caffeic acid, and umbelliferone, which have been identified as primary contributors to the plant’s medicinal effects. Discussion: Chamomile has been applied in cosmetics, perfumery, food manufacturing, and aromatherapy due to its therapeutic essential oils. However, despite its minimal toxicity and few side effects, clinical studies remain limited. Conclusion: This review highlights the pharmacological mechanisms and current clinical prospects of Matricaria chamomilla phytochemicals. The diverse attributes of Matricaria chamomilla highlight its therapeutic significance in healthcare. However, further experimental validation is required to address existing research gaps and precisely establish its clinical potential.

Introduction: Oral and injectable formulations of piroxicam are associated with systemic adverse effects, including gastrointestinal toxicity and renal impairment. Topical nano-emulgel systems can mitigate these limitations by enabling localized, sustained drug delivery with reduced systemic exposure. Methods: Piroxicam nanoemulsions were formulated using high-speed homogenization followed by probe sonication and subsequently incorporated into a Carbopol 940 gel base. Four batches containing different concentrations of Arnica and Clitoria ternatea oils were prepared and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, rheological behavior, pH, spreadability, in vitro drug release, and stability. Results: Among all formulations, Batch 4 demonstrated optimal performance with a particle size of 195 nm, zeta potential of −43 mV, drug loading of 10.3%, and encapsulation efficiency of 92%. The formulation exhibited sustained release, achieving 89.2% piroxicam release over 12 hours. It also showed favorable physicochemical characteristics, including suitable pH (6.6), excellent spreadability (7.4 g·cm/sec), and absence of phase separation, indicating stability and skin compatibility. Discussion: Discussion: The incorporation of herbal oils enhanced the nanoemulsion stability and drug entrapment, likely contributing to prolonged drug release and improved topical performance. The nanoscale droplet size improved surface area and facilitated better permeation, while the negative zeta potential supported long-term dispersion stability. The synergistic anti-inflammatory properties of Arnica and Clitoria ternatea may further strengthen therapeutic outcomes. Overall, the optimized batch demonstrates a promising balance between efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability. Conclusion: The developed piroxicam nano-emulgel enriched with herbal oils offers a stable, effective, and patient-friendly topical alternative with enhanced drug release and reduced systemic side effects.

In the originally published article [1], certain phrases and expressions were unclear, which may have affected readability. These have now been revised to improve clarity and ensure that the intended meaning is accurately conveyed. The corrections do not affect the results, interpretations, or conclusions of the article. We apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers. The original article can be found online at: https://www.benthamscience.com/article/147919 Details of the correction: Original: AI systems are transforming healthcare by improving diagnosis and treatment. IBM Watson Health helps with cancer care, but Google DeepMind diagnoses eye ailments and forecasts patient deterioration. PathAI improves pathology accuracy, whereas Zebra Medical Vision examines medical images for a variety of illnesses. Aidoc and Viz.ai assist with emergency diagnosis, while Babylon Health and Tempus provide personalized telemedicine and cancer therapy. Butterfly Network and Arterys offer enhanced imaging techniques for reliable diagnosis [15]. Corrected: AI systems are transforming healthcare by improving diagnosis and treatment. IBM Watson Health helps with cancer care, but Google DeepMind diagnoses eye disease and forecasts patient deterioration. PathAI improves pathology accuracy, whereas Zebra Medical Vision examines medical images for a variety of illnesses. Aidoc and Viz.ai assist with emergency diagnosis, while Babylon Health and Tempus provide personalized telemedicine and cancer therapy. Butterfly Network and Arterys offer enhanced imaging techniques for reliable diagnosis [15]. The article has been updated to reflect this correction.

Introduction: Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are one of the common genetic variants that can affect disease risk and other phenotypes. ABCB4 encodes a phosphatidylcholine translocator important for liver function, and ABCB4 mutations can be linked to both liver disorders and breast cancer. Objective: This study aims to identify the deleterious SNPs within the ABCB4 gene using in silico methodologies. Methods: The ABCB4 amino acid sequence was acquired from the UniProt database, and gene interactions were examined by GeneMANIA. A summary of the 135 SNP IDs of the ABCB4 gene was gathered from the UCSC genome browser. Deleterious SNPs were screened by SIFT and PolyPhen and validated by PROVEAN, SNAP, PhD-SNP, and SNPs and GO. Effects on protein stability were assessed using I-Mutant, MuPRO, and DynaMut. Results: Out of 135 SNPs, 4 non-synonymous SNPs, which are C433W, K435E, R788P, and R788Q, were predicted as deleterious. We showed that these variants decrease protein stability and may profoundly impact ABCB4 activity. Three SNPs (rs8187801, rs20129202, and rs201168284) were identified as high-confidence candidates with likely pathogenic clinical relevance. Conclusion: This work identifies putative liver disease- and cancer-predisposing nsSNPs in the ABCB4 gene with functional importance. These associations have only limited direct medical application at the moment, apart from risk prediction and genetic counseling, but will be a major driver for the identification of targeted therapeutic strategies.

Introduction: The Y chromosome, essential for male sex determination and reproduction, has undergone significant evolutionary shrinkage, losing most of its genetic content. This review explores the biological and historical significance of the Y chromosome, its role in male-specific traits, spermatogenesis, and secondary sexual characteristics. It also examines the implications of its shrinking for male infertility, cancer risk, and aging-related diseases, along with potential pharmacological and genetic solutions Method: A comprehensive review of existing literature, cross-species studies, and recent advancements in genetics and medical research was conducted. Based on mechanisms of Y chromosome degeneration, its impact on health, and possible therapeutic interventions, including hormone replacement therapies, assisted reproductive technologies, and geneediting techniques like CRISPR. Results: Despite reducing from 1,400 to 55 active genes, the Y chromosome retains key functions in testosterone production and sperm maturation through genes like SRY, DAZ, and TSPY. Studies suggest alternative mechanisms for male traits in the absence of the Y chromosome, raising questions about its future in humans. Discussion: The shrinkage is linked to infertility, increased cancer risk, and aging-related disorders. Potential pharmacological approaches involve hormone replacement therapies, assisted reproductive technologies, and gene-editing techniques like CRISPR. Conclusion: The shrinking Y chromosome poses challenges to male health, but scientific advancements offer hope for mitigating its effects. Integrating genetic research, evolutionary studies, and medical innovations is crucial for addressing Y-linked disorders and guiding the future of male health and reproduction.

Introduction: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer, with a significant prevalence in India, potentially due to distinct etiological factors. Genetic mutations are closely associated with an increased risk of TNBC. While chemotherapy remains the primary treatment, it is associated with a high risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study aims to investigate genetic mutations and their association with TNBC in the Mizo geo-ethnic population, which has a high incidence of TNBC. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 27 participants, comprising TNBC patients and healthy controls, was conducted, and ADR events were monitored in patients. Wholeexome sequencing was performed using blood genomic DNA. The sequence data were evaluated, and the pathogenicity of variants was predicted using in-silico tools. Associations and correlations of the variants with ADRs were analyzed using statistical methods. Results: Genetic variants were observed in BRCA1, BRCA2, ABCB1, ALKBH3, CYP4F2, DPYD, MTHFR, and SLC22A10. Pathogenic variants in pharmacogenes, including DPYD (rs1801265), CYP2C9 (T620C), SLC22A16 (rs201574154), SLCO1B1 (rs201722521), RYR1 (rs777680485), AHR (C1282A), and NUDT15 (rs116855232), were identified in association with ADRs. Patients carrying variants in UGT1A1 (rs4148323) and CYP2B6 (rs8192709) experienced ADRs following chemotherapy treatment regimens. Discussion: In addition to known BRCA1 mutations, novel gene associations were identified, including CYP4F2, DPYD, and ABCB1. Some variants were associated with side effects such as hair loss, fatigue, and cardiac complications. G6PD variants may also contribute to drug resistance. Conclusion: This study identified certain gene variants linked to a higher risk of TNBC and ADRs during chemotherapy. Alongside established BRCA1 mutations, associations were observed in CYP4F2, DPYD, and ABCB1. Some variants were linked to side effects including hair loss, fatigue, and heart-related issues. As a pilot study with a small sample size, it was underpowered to detect small or medium effects, and its primary purpose is to estimate variability and effect sizes to inform the design of a larger study.

Due in large part to the limitations in the pharmacological therapy of the condition—specifically, the systemic adverse effects, limited bioavailability, and poor water solubility of current antihypertensive therapies—hypertension continues to rank among the world's most significant health concerns. Nanosuspension technology offers a possible remedy, by providing better drug solubility, quicker dissolution, increased bioavailability, and targeted distribution of hypertension medications that are poorly soluble in water, By addressing important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic hurdles, this paper investigates how nanosuspensions might transform the treatment of hypertension. Stable nanosuspensions for medications such as carvedilol, azilsartan medoxomil, and olmesartan have been developed thanks to advancements in nanotechnology, showing better therapeutic results and patient compliance. Nanosuspensions with optimal particle size and stability may be produced using a variety of formulation procedures, including wet media milling, antisolvent precipitation, and high-pressure homogenization. These formulations minimize adverse effects and increase therapeutic effectiveness by avoiding hepatic metabolism, providing extended drug release, and lowering the frequency of doses. Furthermore, cutting-edge distribution methods such as transdermal patches with microneedle assistance increase the therapeutic usefulness of nanosuspensions. Nanosuspensions provide a revolutionary approach to antihypertensive medication via improved pharmacokinetic characteristics, improved patient adherence, and the possibility of customized treatment plans. Their incorporation into clinical practice may represent a major step toward a more focused and efficient therapy of hypertension as research progresses.