Abstract. Suwardi AB, Navia ZI, Mubarak A, Rahmat R, Cristy P, Wibowo SG, Irawan H. 2024. The diversity and traditional use of home garden plants near Kerinci Seblat National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3284-3299. Home gardens are traditional agroforestry systems that improve plant diversity and ecosystem services while also having a direct and beneficial effect on human well-being. Each plant species in a home garden provides a variety of ecosystem services, which are linked to specific ecological functions and social drives. Although home gardens are biodiversity hotspots and have recently been identified as essential to tropical biodiversity conservation, the benefits of ecosystem services offered by home gardens are frequently undervalued. This study aims to analyze the diversity, usage, and traditional knowledge of home garden plants among the local communities living near Kerinci Seblat National Park, Indonesia. This study was carried out in four villages from two districts of Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, i.e. Lebong and Rejang Lebong. Field surveys, plant collections, and interviews with local communities were used in this study. Interviews were conducted with 120 informants (30 in each village) selected at random. A total of 218 plant species belonging to 67 families associated with 12 use categories were recorded in the study area. Capsicum frutescens, Musa x paradisiaca, and Mangifera indica are frequently discovered in home gardens. The most diverse categories of plant use in home gardens encompass food, medicine, and ornament, utilizing various parts such as rhizomes, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Home gardens, with their diverse plant species, are considered to have a significant role in household livelihoods, protecting plant genetic resources, and biodiversity conservation.

Abstract. Rahayu T, Purwestri YA, Subandiyah S, Sidiq Y, Widianto D. 2024. Diversity of endophytic bacteria in two banana cultivars and their potential for plant growth promoter. Biodiversitas 25: 2828-2838. The Klutuk banana plant (Musa balbisiana colla) is recognized as a resistant plant against biotic and abiotic stresses. The resistance trait of the cultivar is not exactly revealed but is most likely related to the presence of endophytic bacteria. This study aimed to determine the variation of banana cultivars and their organs on endophytic bacterial populations and their character as plant growth promoters (PGP). The study involved isolating endophytic bacteria from the root, corm, and petiole of cv. Klutuk and cv. Ambon, aged 4-5 months. Isolated endophytic bacteria were evaluated based on plant-growth-promoting (PGP) criteria. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequences were amplified using 16S primers, 27f and 1492r, then sequenced. The obtained isolates were also identified by comparing the 16S sequences to the NCBI gene bank. The results showed that the population and number of isolates with the most PGP characters were in both banana cultivars' roots, petiole, and corm. Endophytic bacteria with multiple traits as PGP are composed of Phylum Proteobacteria (gamma, alpha, beta), Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria members. Several species are potential as they have multiple PGP traits with high-quantity test results, namely Microbacterium testaceum DSM 20166 strain, Simplicispira sp. CPCC 100842 strain, Klebsiella grimontii SB73 strain, Enterobacter mori LMG 25706 strain, Pantoea sp. CoA11 strain, Agrobacterium tumefaciens IAM 12048, Variovorax guangxiensis GXGD002 strain, Serratia nematodiphila DZ0503SBS1 strain, Bosea thiooxidans BI-42 strain, Erwinia tasmaniensis Et1/99 strain, Methylobacterium fujisawaense DSM 5686 strain, K2 isolate, K8 isolate, and K18 isolates. This study also revealed the endophytic bacterial population and character as plant organs influenced PGP. The roots and petioles became the banana plant organs colonized by endophytic bacteria with multiple traits as PGP. Overall, several isolates were discovered in cv. Klutuk were suspected of being new species with potential as PGP agents, and these were not identified in cv. Ambon.

Abstract. Setyaningrum N, Sugiharto, Susatyo P. 2024. Population structure and exploitation rate of striped snakehead (Channa striata) in Kawunganten Swamp, Cilacap, Indonesia: Important for fisheries management. Biodiversitas 25: 3255-3263. Snakehead (Channa striata) is a swamp fish spread in almost all Indonesian waters and has a high economic value. In addition, Bringkeng, Grugu, and Babakan Villages are included in Kawunganten Swamp areas with good fishing potential. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the population structure and the exploitation rate of Channa striata in Kawunganten Swamp Cilacap, Indonesia. The survey method with purposive random sampling was used and this study was conducted from April to July 2020. The fish samples were collected from three Bringkeng, Grugu, and Babakan Swamp stations, while the variables examined were abundance and rate of exploitation. The parameters measured included the length of Channa striata as well as the growth and mortality rate in each swamp. Abundance was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and exploitation rate was assessed with Pauly's model using FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools II (FISAT II). The results showed that the highest abundance of Channa striata was in Bringkeng station, three times higher than in Babakan station. Bringkeng and Babakan stations were considered a fish-rearing swamp due to the dominance of adolescence-sized samples. Grugu was identified as the breeding area because many of the fish present were in the reproductive phase. Estimated growth parameters showed a maximum length (L?) of 35.18 cm, while exploitation rate of 0.28 was not considered excessive capture. Efforts to manage Channa striata were important to preserving biodiversity and ensuring the sustainability of Kawunganten Swamp ecosystem for future generations.

Abstract. Choeriah MN, Wijayanto N, Batubara I. 2024. Growth and productivity of stevia variety Cibodas Manis 3 (Stevia rebaudiana) in 40 days planting with agroforestry. Biodiversitas 25: 3277-3283. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.) is a shrub plant that can be used as a substitute for sugar cane and has the potential to be cultivated in agroforestry ways. This study aims to analyze the growth and productivity of stevia in agroforestry systems compared to monocultures. Stevia was planted in 2 types of land, namely agroforestry and monoculture. The research location's soil and area's climatic conditions were observed stevia agroforestry was grown under pine, eucalyptus, and coffee trees. During stevia planting, the height was measured. Stevia was harvested 40 days after planting, and leaf area, number of leaves, leaf weight, and harvest productivity were measured. In addition, chlorophyll and stevioside yields were analyzed using UV VIS and LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Stevia in agroforestry land had higher chlorophyll and stevioside content than monoculture, although not as good as stevia in monoculture, which had higher height, number of leaves, leaf area, wet weight, dry weight, and productivity compared to agroforestry. The total stevioside produced from agroforestry land was 1.63 kg/ha, while it was 2.19 kg/ha from monoculture land. Stevia in agroforestry land also has a higher secondary metabolite content than in monoculture. This is related to the growing conditions that stress stevia. Pearson correlation test results also show a relationship between the amount of chlorophyll and the stevioside content in stevia plants.

Abstract. Saengprajak J, Phetsom J, Sangdee A, Atichart P, Theerakulpisut P. 2024. Molecular diversity of rice germplasms from Thailand characterized by different pericarp colors using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Biodiversitas 25: 2839-2848. Studying genetic diversity in rice using molecular markers is necessary for varietal identification, better understanding of relationships and evolution, and conserving genetic resources. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of rice germplasms from Thailand characterized by different pericarp colors using ISSR markers. Thirty-two white and colored rice genotypes were assessed using 16 selected ISSR markers, which generated 179 alleles ranging from 210 to 1,374 bp, averaging 11.19 alleles per locus. The polymorphism percentage ranged from 40% to 100%, averaging 80%. The genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.458 to 0.855, while PIC values varied between 0.15 and 0.45, averaging 0.31. ISSR markers show a high Resolving Power (RP) of 12.15 and a Marker Index (MI) of 3.20, indicating their significant discriminatory power and effectiveness in detecting genetic diversity. The dendrogram grouped genotypes into five clusters: Cluster I included 5 red pericarp genotypes, Cluster II had 6 purple-black pericarp genotypes, Cluster III had 2 mixed white and purple-black pericarp genotypes, Cluster IV included 18 white pericarp genotypes, and Cluster V comprised 1 white pericarp genotype. PCA results corresponded to seed coat traits, forming eight grouping patterns similar to dendrogram clusters. These findings show that ISSR markers effectively assess genetic diversity and relationships in rice germplasms, providing valuable information for managing germplasm resources, developing variety-specific markers, and supporting rice breeding programs.

Abstract. Putri PYA, Rastina, Prartono T, Ismet MS. 2024. Heavy metals concentration in sediment and their bioaccumulation in several organisms in Benoa Bay and Lembongan Island, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3230-3238. Human activities could be responsible for introducing heavy metals into coastal areas, and it can contaminate coastal waters such as the tourism area of Benoa Bay and coastal ecosystems of Lembongan Island, Bali, Indonesia. This study aimed to assess the extent of heavy metals on the sediment of those area and their accumulation rate in several marine organisms, including macro-algae (Ulva sp.), seagrass (Thalassia hemprichii), and sea urchin (Diadema sp.). Samples of surface sediments and marine organisms were collected at six stations for both areas and the presence of five heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Cr) was determined using the AAS method. The concentration those metals varied significantly across the six stations. The geo-accumulation index showed that the sediment has been contaminated by Pb and Cd. The ecological risk of heavy metals contamination in Benoa Bay was apparently higher compared to that in Lembongan Island. Marine organisms in Benoa Bay also significantly accumulated heavy metals than those observed in Lembongan Island. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) shows that Cd, Cr, and Pb were the most accumulated heavy metals in marine organisms (BCF>1). It, therefore, suggest that future studies of the bioavailability of heavy metals and exploration the varying capacities of marine organisms are required. Such important information can be used to predict the accumulation of heavy metals in human bodies, and the possibly daily consumption of marine organisms caught from Benoa Bay and Lembongan Island waters.

Abstract. Firnabillah RA, Mustari E, Marwani E. 2024. Biochemical composition and volatile profile analysis of three varieties of Coffea arabica and their correlation with the microclimate of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3264-3276. The quality of coffee is determined by various biochemical compounds, including chlorogenic acid, caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, and oil, as well as the volatile metabolite profile in coffee beans. Genetic factors and environmental conditions at the coffee cultivation site influence the composition of these compounds. This study aimed to analyze the biochemical composition and volatile profile of various coffee samples, including Ateng, Tim-Tim, and Sigarar Utang, and investigate their correlation with microclimate factors. Different analytical methods were used to examine the green beans, including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for caffeine, chlorogenic acids, sucrose, and trigonelline, Soxhlet methods for oil content determination, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for volatile compound analysis. The results showed distinct biochemical components and metabolite profiles among the three arabica coffee varieties. The Ateng variety had the highest concentrations of chlorogenic acid, while the Tim-Tim variety had the lowest content of these compounds. Trigonelline and caffeine content was similar across all varieties. Sucrose content was highest in the Sigarar Utang variety, while oil content was higher in the Ateng and Tim-Tim varieties compared to Sigarar Utang. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed significant metabolite variation among the three varieties, with PC1 and PC2 accounting for 69.2% of the variance. Furthermore, Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) successfully distinguished the three varieties and identified potential biomarker compounds for classification. Additionally, the study discovered that the environmental factor, specifically light intensity affected the sucrose and oil compounds in arabica green beans coffee. The study concluded that the three varieties' biochemical composition and volatile metabolites differed. Certain compounds were found to correlate with measured microclimatic factor.

Abstract. Nanla Y, Marod D, Duengkae P, Paansri P, Noowong J, Manitoem C, Sukmasuang R. 2024. Factors influencing appearance and suitable habitat for wild elephants in the Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 3061-3072. Protected areas are designated to conserve biodiversity and provide a safe habitat for wildlife. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting elephant appearance and changes in habitat. The maxEnt program was used to analyze data derived from the patrolling system with constant quality monitoring. Four categories of environmental factors, climatic, physiological, biological, and anthropological factors were used to analyze the wild elephant data yearly from 2017 to 2022. The aim was to understand the effect of environmental factors on the wild elephants’ appearance and their habitat suitability. The results showed an average area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.81±0.004 SD. The results indicated that climatic (42.97%), physiological (32.62%), and anthropological (21.23%) factors affected the appearance of wild elephants significantly. Temperature factors showed the highest percentage contribution (39.04%), while water sources and salt licks, considered physiological factors, contributed 22.13% and 5.06%, respectively. Habitat suitability analysis revealed that the majority of the park area (64.91%) was categorized as unsuited and poorly suited habitat areas, while 35.07% was categorized as moderated and well-suited habitat areas for wild elephants. Implementing strategies to improve water sources and salt lick sites within the park and managing the area to minimize human disturbance both on the surrounding boundaries and the tourist destination sites are recommended to manage the wild elephant.

Abstract. Sari E, Wardhani DAS, Agustina V, Agussalim, Hakim L, Wulandari R, Wibowo NA, Chua LS. 2024. Identification of bioactive compounds and encapsulation of bee bread from Heterotrigona itama using a spray dryer with its antioxidant activity. Biodiversitas 25: 2857-2865. Stingless bee produces honey, propolis, and bee bread. Bee bread is known to have a high antioxidant. This study uses a spray dryer and its antioxidant activity, phytochemical, and bioactive compounds; therefore, it aims to encapsulate bee bread from Heterotrigona itama Cockerell 1918. The encapsulation of bee bread used several encapsulants, such as starch, lactose, and maltodextrin, in several formulas. The physical characterization was performed by analysis of hygroscopic properties by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and DPPH antioxidant. The results showed that bee bread contains bioactive compounds, such as saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, quinones, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and ninhydrin. The best encapsulant was a combination of starch and lactose with the formula 50:50 (% w/w), which has low hygroscopic properties. SEM analysis shows that bee bread does not bond well with filler at a 10.817 to 20.244 µm diameter. XRD analysis obtained a product crystallinity level of 71.0819%. FTIR analysis shows that bee bread has the most complex functional group, which was characterized by the presence of a wave at the point of 1,115.68 cm-1, which indicates the presence of a group (C?O?C) that shows the spectrum of flavonoid group compounds with antioxidant activity of 588.402 ppm.

Abstract. Retnaningdyah C, Arisoesilaningsih E, Vidayanti V, Salsabila Q, Purnomo P. 2024. The relationship between habitat quality and the diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton in mangrove ecosystems of Bawean Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3017-3026. Mangrove ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact with each other to form a food chain. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton and water quality, human activities, and carbon stock in the mangrove ecosystem in Bawean Island. Data was collected from 11 sampling locations across the island. At each location, we observed the diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton and carbon stock of mangroves along with data of water quality (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen/DO, biochemical oxygen demand/BOD, nitrate, orthophosphate, dihydrogen sulfide/H2S, dissolved lead/Pb) and human activities based on the hemeroby index. The research results showed that the level of DO, H2S, nitrate, and orthophosphate did not meet the quality standard according to the Indonesian government. The level of disturbance from human activities varied from ?-mesoherobic to metahemerobic categories. Human activities and higher levels of H2S in waters had a negative relationship with mangrove ecosystem carbon stock and the diversity and taxa richness of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton. Phytoplankton diversity had a positive relationship with zooplankton, while zooplankton diversity had a positive relationship with nekton. High carbon stock in the mangrove ecosystem will likely increase the diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nekton. The result of this study implies that anthropogenic activities need to be controlled to improve the Bawean Island mangrove ecosystem services.