Purpose: The paper presents an exhaustive examination of the mathematical frameworks that support the creation and operation of large language models. The document commences with an introduction to the core mathematical concepts that are foundational to large language models. It delves into the mathematical algorithms employed in training these models and scrutinizes how various mathematical notions influence their efficacy. Methodology: Furthermore, it dissects the structure of large language models, analyzing the mathematical tenets that dictate their design and functionality. It also considers the mathematical logic underpinning these models' performance and the intricacies involved in their expansion. Additionally, it probes into the mathematical underpinnings of attention mechanisms within large language models, assessing how these mechanisms bolster the models' effectiveness and comprehensibility. Findings: Subsequently, it examines the mathematical bases of attention mechanisms in large language models, considering how these mechanisms augment the models' efficiency and clarity. It also debates the mathematical methods for refining large language models and the hurdles faced in enhancing their interpretability. By understanding the mathematical foundations of LLMs, we can leverage insights from the algorithms and principles driving these models, thus enhancing their inventive output and broadening the horizons of design and artistic expression. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: Lastly, it ventures into the ethical considerations surrounding large language models, scrutinizing the mathematical aspects related to these concerns.

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of students ‘perception on teaching and learning Mathematics students in public Schools in El’arish in North Sinai Governorate in Egypt. The hypothesis of the study was formulated and tested to guide the study.
 Methodology: The survey research design type was adopted and the targeted population of one hundred and ninety-nine (119) respondents composed by 5 principals, 16 mathematic teachers and 98 students from senior secondary schools, were sampled by using stratified sampling and sample random sampling techniques. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis through the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression.
 Findings: The results of the findings indicated that the students’ perception was more correlated with teaching and learning Mathematics (r = 0.822; p= 0.000). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that students ‘perception contributed to 70.2% of variation on the performance, hence plays a vital role in teaching and learning Mathematics students in secondary schools in El Arish in North Sinai Governorate in Egypt. Additionally, the relationship between perception and students Mathematics performance in the study was very strong.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that Mathematics teacher should be diverse in their use of methodology which can as well help their student in their own area of learning mathematics.

Purpose: Financial performance is a key determinant of assessing organization success. The financial performance is geared toward determining whether the firms have generated enough income for maximizing shareholder’s wealth as opposed to the mere maximization of the firm’s net profit. The overall objective of this study was to examine influence of interest rates and performance of lending institution in Africa. A critical literature review
 Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
 Findings: The study also concluded that interest rates on loans and advances became significant in affecting performance in terms of profits before tax and exceptional items (PBTEI) and also returns on equity (ROE). This conforms to the study by Kibuthu (2005) that those who borrow from lending institutions are sensitive to interest on loans, borrow more when rates are low and favourable allowing banks to make more in profits.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends that since majority of African banks continued making huge income from loans then the information on total cost of loans to the borrowers should be made very clear on all platforms that hold this information. Diversification to other non- interest revenue sources is a way to reduce banks’ overreliance on interest income.

Purpose: Adaptive capability is defined as a firm’s ability to identify and capitalize on emerging market opportunities. The overall objective of this study was to examine influence of effective planning of work process on competitive advantage of numerical derivative industries. A critical literature review
 Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
 Findings: The study also concluded that organizational transformation affects competitive advantage in the numerical machining industries positively. The study showed that new performance measures enhance sustained profitability and revised compensation and training strengthens customer loyalty. The study further revealed that continuous improvement determines brand recognition.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends that management in firms should engage with emerging markets more closely. This can be done through planning and determining the cost advantages as well as the operational costs in order to keep itself competitive. The study recommends that international business participant should have an understanding of economics, finance, marketing and strategy, a social understanding of culture and managing across culture. The Numerical Machining industries should plan and launch next generation line extensions with precision and advice from physicians and patients. The study recommends that the patent protection should have lapsed and the corporation set up a defined strategy.

Purpose: The financial services sector aims at creating a vibrant and globally competitive financial sector promoting high-levels of savings and financing for investment needs. The overall objective of this study was to examine influence of high cost of living, oil price, government expenditure and exchange rate effect on stock market return volatility. A critical literature review
 Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
 Findings: The study also concluded that among the variables under study oil price, inflation, government spending and exchange rate, only exchange rate is significant in explaining the volatility in stock returns in Nairobi securities exchange. Positive shocks are associated with higher volatility than negative shocks. Policy makers should enhance exchange rate stability as well as making sure that inflation is suppressed so as to spur growth in the economy.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends that the government should also increase production of energy locally so as to reduce over reliance on imported oil, reduce the cost of production as well as suppressing the rate of inflation in the economy. This study recommends that Policy makers, and investors, need to take the macroeconomic variables into account when formulating financial and economic policies which are necessary to encourage investment.

Purpose: Transportation Problem is a Linear Programming application to physical distribution of goods and services from various origins to several destinations at a minimum cost.
 Methodology: In this study, five different methods were employed to solve transportation problems arising from unequal demand and supply of goods and variations. The methods considered were in terms of North West Corner Rule, Least Cost Method, Vogel’s Approximation Method, Row Minima Method and Column Minima Method were compared. Unbalanced transportation problems were resolved using Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) and Modified Distribution (MODI) methods.
 Findings: The methods compared produced different results with VAM generating the least transportation cost and better solution. With the MODI method, economic values were generated for the dual variables, uis and vjs associated with the source and demand points respectively.

Purpose: Childhood stunting is one of the most significant impediments to human development. Stunting is a major health problem in children under-five years in many low and middle income countries around the world. Wasting is sometimes referred to as acute malnutrition because it is believed that episodes of wasting have a short duration, in contrast to stunting, which is regarded as chronic malnutrition.Methodology: The data for the study were taken from the Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey of year 2011. Three models, random intercept only model, random intercept and fixed slope model and random coefficient model compared based on the AIC value for stunting and wasting. Random coefficient model has a significant deviance chi-square and the value of AIC are less than from the random intercept with fixed slope model and random intercept only model so, the random coefficient model is a good fit.Results: Age of children, region, place of residence, wealth index, mothers BMI, the incidence of diarrhea in the last two weeks before the survey and mother and husband/partner educational level were found to be significant predictors for stunting. For wasting age of child, region, wealth index, mothers BMI, sex, incidence of diarrhea and fever and husband/partner education are significant predictor.Contributions to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study shows that age of children, region, place of residence, wealth index, mothers BMI, the incidence of diarrhea in the last two weeks before the survey and mother and husband/partner educational level were found to be significant predictors for stunting. For wasting age of child, region, wealth index, mothers BMI, sex, incidence of diarrhea and fever and husband/partner education are significant predictor. The study also shows that there is heterogeneity or cross-regional variation in stunting and wasting. Further, this study shows that there exist considerable differences in stunting and wasting among regions and random coefficient model is more appropriate to explain the regional variation than a model with fixed coefficients or empty model with random effects. Since there are variations in stunting and wasting across regions the concerned body should give special attention to regions like Affar and Ben-gumuz.