This study sought to investigate the effect of the field of view (FOV) on linear measurements of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods: In this in vitro study, five dry human skulls were used. After using red wax to simulate soft tissue, the skulls were scanned using Galileos CBCT scanner (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) with exposure parameters of 85 kVp and 21 mAs and voxel size of 0.280 mm; once with FOV of 15 cm × 8 cm and once again with 15 cm × 15 cm. The measured distances were the distance between the center of the bilateral mental foramen in the axial view (MM), the distance between the alveolar crest and the mandibular inferior border in the sagittal view on the midline (CB), and the depth of the socket of the left mandibular central incisor (L1). Descriptive statistics as well as Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05) using SPSS software (v. 25, IBM, NY, USA). Results: The measurements obtained with small and large FOV and with the dry skull were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The measurements obtained in small FOV had excellent correlation coefficient when compared with those obtained with the dry skull, with values of 0.890 for MM, 0.954 for CB, and 0.921 for L1 (p < 0.001). The measurements in large FOV also had excellent correlation coefficient when compared with those on the dry skull, with values of 0.894 for MM, 0.949 for CB, and 0.902 for L1 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: According to our findings, linear measurements obtained by CBCT scans in small and large FOVs were not significantly different than those on dry skulls. Since the linear measurements are accurate regardless of FOV size, selection of FOV must be based on patient factors, such as area of interest and radiation dose.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a relatively rare condition with high morbidity. In this study, we report the management of two recalcitrant cases of MRONJ in the mandibles of two older women who received treatment with alendronate for osteoporosis. Sequestrectomies, combined with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and photobiomodulation (PBMT), were performed in both patients. During perioperative and weekly postoperative aPDT sessions, a diode laser treated three anatomical points by emitting a continuous gallium-aluminum-arsenide wave at 660 nm (red laser), 0.028 cm2, 0.1 W, 3.57 W/cm2 for 90 s per point, 9 J per point, 321 J/cm2, and a total energy of 27 J. PBMT was applied weekly after surgery at 808 nm wavelength (other parameters being equal) for wound healing and pain relief. Both patients were followed-up for two years without any report of recurrence. Thus, aPDT and PBMT can be considered non-invasive adjuvant therapies for MRONJ without any adverse effects.

There are some theories regarding the emergence of dentigerous cysts. Among them, one claims they originate from the separation of the follicle in the crown of an erupted tooth, and another, that fluid accumulates between the crown and the reduced epithelium. Even with the existing research, its etiopathogenesis still remains unknown. Cysts can be treated in several ways, among them: enucleation, marsupialization, decompression, cryotherapy, endoscopy, and their combinations. Objective: To review the literature on dentigerous cyst treatment. Material and methods: This is a narrative literature review of articles written in Portuguese and English, and published from 2011 to 2021, which are available at the SciELO, BVS, and PubMed databases. Conclusion: We found that cyst enucleation is considered the treatment of choice whenever feasible, but since this technique destroys a significant amount of tissue, other more conservative options can be used. However, the adequate technique will vary according to the characteristics of the lesion and the patient.

Objective: This study aimed to systematically review the literature about sealants modified with materials to promote antimicrobial activity and answer the question “What is the effect of incorporating materials that promote antimicrobial activity to pit and fissure sealants?” Materials and methods: Data were collected from questions about the material incorporated, its concentration, purpose of incorporation, analyses, and conclusions obtained. The Cochrane Library, LILLACS, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases were searched with the terms “SEALANT”, “ANTIMICROBIAL”, and “ANTIBACTERIAL”. The selection of studies was performed in two stages. Inclusion criteria were applied via the evaluation of titles and abstracts, and exclusion criteria, via the complete reading of the studies. The adapted Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool was used to analyze bias risk. Results: Due to the heterogeneity of the data found, it was impossible to perform a meta-analysis. We obtained 1389 references, including 11 of them in this review. Analysis of the studies found that modified sealants may show antimicrobial activity and alter their other properties. After applying the JBI tool, all studies showed low bias risk. Conclusion: Modified pit and fissure sealants show antimicrobial activity and altered physicochemical and mechanical properties.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO) in the mandible in an Iranian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all CBCT images obtained in 2010-2014 from the archive of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department at Isfahan Dental School. Images were evaluated by two observers in identical room and monitoring conditions. IO was defined as homogenous radiopacities with no particular etiology, ranging from 2 mm to 2 cm in size. Demographic information of all patients, as well as the lesion’s number, location, border, shape, and association with adjacent teeth were recorded. Results: From 377 CBCT images, 43 images (11.4%) had at least one IO lesion. Two separate IO lesions were detected in six patients; therefore, 49 IO lesions were found in total. No gender differences were observed in IO prevalence (P = 0.806). Although most common in patients who were in their 30s, IO prevalence was not statistically different among age groups (P = 0.369). IO was most frequent in the molar region, with 63.2% of lesions. Conclusion: IO prevalence was 11.4% in the studied population and was not statistically different between age groups or sexes. Most lesions were found in the mandibular molar region.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a relatively uncommon oncohematological condition characterized by abnormal proliferation of plasma cells. Oral manifestations of MM can occur in soft and intraosseous parts. We present a case of a 69-year-old man diagnosed with MM and undergoing chemotherapy, referred to the dental service complaining of a nodular swelling in the maxilla. An incisional biopsy was conducted and the histopathological analysis showed a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells with a positive CD 138 immunophenotype, which allowed the diagnosis of extramedullary plasmacytoma. The outcome of the case was unfavorable and the patient died. We emphasize the importance of diagnosing MM extramedullary disease in the maxillofacial region.

Objectives: Our study sought to evaluate the association between HSV1 and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) levels among dental students. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach conducted in Birjand, state of Khorasan Jonoobi, Iran, from July 2018 to April 2019. A peripheral blood sample (5 ml) and an anti-virus antibody along with Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) levels were measured using an Anti-Herpes-1 IgG kit with ELISA by a pathologist. Pearson and chi-square tests were applied in the significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of HSV1 was 41%. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels mean was 23.22 ± 13.09. The prevalence of HSV1 antibody in pre-clinical and clinical levels was higher than in basic science, also, the results represented that a negative relation between vitamin D deficiency and the presence of HSV1, but it was not a significant association. Conclusion: Any association between vitamin D and herpes viruses remains inconclusive. Further studies in the general population are needed.

Objectives: To compare the accuracy of two methods for the manufacturing of physical models: I) intraoral scanning and resin-printed models; and II) addition silicone impression and gypsum model. Materials and methods: A dental manikin was used as the master model and compared with five gypsum models (g1) and five resin printed models (g2) by analyzing linear measurements at four sites (M1, M2, M3, and M4) using an image measuring instrument. The mean values of the experimental models were compared to those of the master model using one-sample t-test. The samples of each group at the same site were compared with an independent t-test. For all tests, a significance level of 5% (0.05) was considered. Results: The confidence intervals from M1, M2, and M4 sites for both gypsum and resin models presented statistically lower linear distance when compared to the reference values. At m3, the mean value for the gypsum models was not statistically different from the reference mean value (p > 0.05); however, resin-printed models presented a statistically different mean value (p < 0.05), as well as lower values of linear distance. Conclusions: When compared to gypsum models, resin- printed models differed greatly from the master model, indicating the need for standardizing the printing protocol, for its variables may influence printed models accuracy.

Objective: This study analyzed the prevalence and clinic-pathological features of soft-tissue sarcomas diagnosed in a single-center of oral pathology from a School of Dentistry in Brazil. Materials and methods: All consecutive cases of intra-oral soft-tissue sarcomas diagnosed between January of 2002 and December of 2018 were retrieved from the files; patient data (sex, age and race) and characteristics of the lesions (site, size, clinical aspect and duration of injury) were collected. Results: Among a total of 62,255 biopsies diagnosed in the studied period, soft-tissue oral sarcomas comprised 76 cases (0.12%). Kaposi sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma encompassed 64.5% of the cases, and 53% of these were diagnosed as Kaposi Sarcoma. Male patients were more affected (59.2%) and white patients comprised 50%. In general, 39.4% of the patients were between 21-40yo. Conclusion: Soft-tissue sarcomas are rare in oral soft-tissue and in our pathology service, they comprised only 0.12% of all diseases diagnosed in the studied period. Kaposi sarcoma was the most frequent, followed by leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Thus, it is important for stomatologists and pathologists to be aware of their characteristics when examining oral mucosa, mainly their peculiarities regarding patient’s age, clinical appearance, and site of occurrence.

3D printers manufacture objects used in various dental specialties. Objective: This literature review aims to explore different techniques of current 3D printers and their applications in printed materials for dental purposes. Methods: The online PubMed databases were searched aiming to find applications of different 3D printers in the dental area. The keywords searched were 3D printer, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, 3D prototyping, dental materials and dentistry. Results: From the search results, we describe Stereolithography (SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Material Jetting (MJ), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Binder Jetting (BJ) and Dust-based printing techniques. Conclusion: 3D printing enables different additive manufacturing techniques to be used in dentistry, providing better workflows and more satisfying clinical results.