This article takes a close look at the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), exploring its importance from legal, political, and economic angles. It fills an important gap by combining these different perspectives to better understand the challenges and benefits of CPEC, especially because it passes through the disputed Kashmir region. Using a mix of legal analysis, examples from similar international cases, and data on trade and economic impact, the study digs into India's claims over the territory and how countries like the UN, EU, and US are reacting to the project. The main goals are to examine the legal arguments for and against CPEC, see how the international community is responding, and assess how the corridor affects trade and diplomacy in the region. The findings show that while CPEC could bring big economic gains to China and Pakistan, it also raises political tensions because of unresolved border disputes and gaps in international law. The article points out how tricky it is to balance economic development with respect for countries' sovereignty and international rules. What makes this article unique is how it connects legal ideas with real-world politics and data, stressing the need for transparent management and open discussions between all parties involved. It offers useful insights for policymakers, legal experts, and anyone interested in the region, highlighting the importance of diplomacy and international law to help CPEC move forward smoothly and peacefully. In short, it shows that projects like CPEC require thoughtful approaches that consider legal, economic, and political issues all at once.

This review examines the paralysis of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) and the corresponding emergence of the Belt and Road International Commercial Court (BRICC) as a possible alternative regulatory body in international economic law. The paper provides a critical analysis of how the institutional paralysis in WTO DSM, especially the failure of the Appellate Body, has undermined the trust in the multilateral system and has disproportionately hurt developing arteries. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, the study is anchored in a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology. A strict multiple-step methodology was applied with searches conducted in databases guided by keywords, an inclusion/exclusion analysis of search results, and thematic coding, leading to a comparative analysis of eight scholarly peer-reviewed articles. Regarding the theory of legal pluralism and the constructivist approach, the analysis points to the future that the BRICC is not only a legal vehicle to address any dispute engendered by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)-related disputes, but also a legal weapon of Chinese legal diplomacy. BRICC has establishing a hybrid framework consisting of domestic and international legal traditions and the hope of establishing alternative discourse power within international trade regulation. However, there remains an attempt at legitimacy, transparency, and fairness challenges. The paper also discusses how multipolar systems of law are gaining strong relevance in global reorganization of economic order.

China’s hosting of the 2022 Winter Olympics became a case which involves both international trade obligations and domestic control over sponsorship and licensing in sports. The following study will therefore seek to assess whether China meets WTO requirements about the GATS and TRIPS agreements. Using documentation analysis, the findings from the case studies and official documents, academic and grey journals, stakeholder reports, it is possible to point out how Chinese law works and note the gap between legal regulation on paper and its enforcement. The result reveals that foreign sponsors faced restricted market access, complicated regulations, and prejudice that seemed to favour domestic companies. While China’s laws are compatible with WTO norms, in practice, it violates these principles through non-tariff measures, transparency, and equal treatment. The Major limitation of the study is that it only used secondary data. Future studies should also yield man-on-the-street interviews augmented by comparisons with other host nations of the Olympics.

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has created major changes to global service sector liberalization by including the sports service industry within its scope. The sports service industry refers to those responsible for the administration and delivery of a multiplicity of services concerning professional and amateur sport, including event handling, athlete preparation, dissemination, arena management, and overseas service within the entertainment and economic arena. Understanding the impact of GATS commitments on sports services is important as the sports industry plays a significant role in the global development of the economy, methods of trade liberalization, and cross-border services facilitation. Currently, scholars lack extensive research on how the sports service sector meets GATS commitments through WTO compliance and policy implementation procedures. The study of this research gap is pertinent to helping establish export policies for sports services that suit their unique attributes. The study brings to the fore new findings concerning the diverse implementation of GATS by WTO countries and the differences between the global policy expectations and the local regulations. The author seeks to eliminate this research gap through an examination of GATS regulations alongside sports services industries to study the domestic policy management and WTO compliance issues experienced by countries. A qualitative approach consisting of a systematic literature review (SLR) serves as the methodology to analyze academic and policy-oriented documents used for this study. The outcomes reveal that the minimal sports services sector liberalization within GATS principles and struggles between trade mandates versus local policy guidelines along with varying GATS commitment follow-up by WTO members. The results demonstrate the necessity for governments to develop specialized policies that integrate both worldwide market liberalization practices and sports services sector characteristics when pursuing international obligations and domestic priorities.

Oil price volatility continues to pose problems for global economic and trade stability, stemming from the shortcomings of the Doha Round framework. The Doha Round breakdown due to its shortcomings in energy negotiations has resulted in policy voids when managing financial market uncertainties. Research investigates the mechanisms by which WTO agreements together with government policy and corporate strategies reduce the identified risks. A systematic review method was used to analyze about 100–150 sources containing WTO agreements together with peer-reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings and technical reports. The research evaluates three important WTO agreements including General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) and Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) to analyze their impact on energy trade and financial risk management. This evaluation investigates both public sector and private sector strategic approaches within WTO infrastructure to demonstrate present policy weaknesses and obstacles. The existing WTO management tools display weak performance in confronting oil price disposals alongside economic dangers. The GATT and SCM agreements create general trade liberalization framework and subsidy regulation standards yet they do not have specific provisions for energy trade. The research shows a requirement to strengthen WTO guidelines because they need better risk management support and propose new policy directions to build up the global trade framework. This review helps create links between financial risk management practices and WTO policies, resulting in enhanced stability and resilience of the global energy trade system.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate and systematize the instruments of foreign economic influence in the USSR and the PRC, to draw a parallel between projects for building alliances, taking into account economic instruments. The research methods include the OLS (Weighted OLS) and ARIMA, specifically the comparison of the GDP of USSR and CMEA countries and China and the countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) was applied. Same methods were used referring to the mentioned allies (CMEA and RCEP). Concluding the study, the different foreign economic approaches of the USSR and China are shown to have the diverse efficiency and can be introduced to the modern economic multinational projects.

The establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Port (hereinafter HFTP) represents a key development in China's economic strategy, aligning closely with the nation’s commitments under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Officially launched in June 2020, the HFTP is designed to foster an open, modern, and competitive free trade environment, with ambitions to become a leading global trade hub by 2035. This initiative, however, presents complex challenges in balancing the innovative policies of the HFTP with China's existing WTO obligations. The unique regulatory framework of the HFTP, including zero tariffs and significant trade liberalization measures, raises critical questions about compliance with WTO principles, particularly regarding non-discrimination and fair competition. This research article studies the legal and economic implications of the HFTP within the context of China’s WTO commitments, analyzing both the potential benefits and challenges presented by this ambitious project. By examining the intersection of the HFTP with China's broader international trade policies, this study intends to provide insights into the changing dynamics of global trade and offer recommendations for harmonizing the HFTP’s objectives with international trade law.

This study explores the role of digital technology in the relationship between strategic orientation and international trade performance, focusing on construction enterprises in Guangdong Province under the WTO framework. While market orientation, innovation orientation, and learning orientation are key drivers of trade success, digital transformation significantly enhances its impact by streamlining operations, improving regulatory compliance, and optimizing supply chains. However, slow adoption of digital tools due to financial constraints, cybersecurity concerns, and inconsistent WTO digital trade policies pose challenges for construction firms. This study integrates the theoretical underpinning of the resource-based View (RBV) and Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT) to explain how digital resources serve as strategic assets and dynamic enablers of trade performance. The systematic literature findings suggest that harmonized digital trade regulations and industry-wide digital adoption initiatives are necessary to improve global competitiveness. Future research should explore longitudinal studies and sector-specific digital policy frameworks to enhance the technological adaptability of construction enterprises in international trade.

This study examines the critical role of the International Commercial Expert Committee (ICEC) within the China International Commercial Court (CICC) in facilitating international commercial dispute resolution. With the expansion of globalization, cross-border disputes have become increasingly intricate, necessitating the creation of specialized institutions to ensure fairness, efficiency, and transparency. The ICEC, integrated into the CICC, leverages international legal expertise to provide mediation and advisory services, enhancing the court's legitimacy by incorporating foreign legal perspectives and promoting impartial decision-making. This paper specifically examines the ICEC’s impact on resolving disputes related to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It highlights its role in fostering cross-border judicial cooperation and reinforcing confidence among international businesses in the Chinese legal system. In addition, the study identifies challenges faced by the ICEC and CICC, including jurisdictional issues, the internationalization of legal practices, and the recognition and enforcement of judgments. By providing a comprehensive analysis, the paper aims to contribute to ongoing discussions on improving international commercial dispute resolution processes, emphasizing the ICEC’s vital role in strengthening global legal frameworks.

The rules governing choice-of-court agreements in the Civil Procedure Law (CPL) of the People's Republic of China have undergone significant amendments in 2023. Two notable legislative changes were made to broaden the scope of Chinese choice-of-court agreements in international civil proceedings: extending coverage to all foreign civil disputes and eliminating the requirement for "factual connections" between foreign civil disputes and Chinese courts. Subsequently, through case studies, this article examines four instances applying the rule of choice-of-court agreements under the CPL 2023. The case studies indicate that the disputes covered are primarily contract disputes, and parties tend to favor choosing Chinese courts with which they have factual connections. In other words, the legislation expanding choice-of-court agreements in CPL 2023 exhibits a certain degree of "progressiveness" and "foresight." The Duan v. Zhai case, the Chen v. X Co. case, the Zhongya Co. v. Manzhou Li Co. case, the Hong Kong X Co. v. Xinjiang Y Co. case have been presented to illustrate the points. Lastly, this article anticipates the potential global implications of expanding Chinese choice-of-court agreements under CPL 2023. From a contractual perspective, this expansion will afford parties greater freedom to select Chinese courts. From a procedural standpoint, the expansion has a dual effect: negatively, it will reshape global jurisdiction in international civil proceedings by stripping other competent foreign courts of jurisdiction; positively, it will provide Chinese courts with more opportunities to hear cases. Thus, Chinese courts must enhance their judicial services and improve the attractiveness of their judicial system in global dispute resolution. In conclusion, the jurisdiction of Chinese courts based on choice-of-court agreements has been notably expanded in CPL 2023. Concurrently, this expansion grants parties increased freedom to choose Chinese courts for their cases.