In this study, Triticum growth inhibition test was used to determine the effects of this fungicide on root and stem growth and % mitotic index. For this purpose, Kate A1 Russian wheat variety was used as test material. According to the Triticum root growth test, the concentration value that halves the root length is known as the 50 EC50 (effective concentration) value. According to the test, root length of the control group was 9.38 ± 0.66 cm and stem length was 9.56 ± 0.88 cm. According to Triticum test, the EC50 value of the fungicide was found to be approximately 5000 ppm. Some doses of this fungicide used (2500, 5000 and 10000 ppm) were observed to inhibit root and stem growth and all the results were statistically significant according to Dunnet-t test. % In the root mitotic index analysis studies, 5000 cells were counted for the doses and it was observed that the tested concentrations of 1250, 2500, 5000 and 10000 ppm decreased mitotic activity. It was observed that the concentration of 10000 ppm decreases the mitotic index (11.02 ± 2.35 cm) the most. The highest recommended dose of the tested fungicide in the fight against agricultural pests is 1000 ppm and the EC50 value is determined as 5000 ppm according to the test results indicating that the cytotoxic effects of this fungicide will be limited. In MTT assay, toxic effects were observed at all concentrations and time applications of 70% Thiophanate Methyl fungicide. Dose and time dependent decreases in cell viability were observed. These results show that the fungicide has a cytotoxic effect on MDBK cells at the doses used.

Corms and herbarium vouchers of 23 accessions belonging to five autumn-flowering Crocus species were gathered from nine Iranian provinces. For the materials under investigation, chromosome numbers, karyotype formulas and idiograms were documented. Chromosome number of 2n = 12 is reported for the first time in C. archibaldiorum and in the studied accessions of C. speciosus aggregate. Also, 2n = 24 were found in C. caspius, 2n = 8 and 10 in C. damascenus, and 2n = 14 and 16 in C. haussknechtii. In the latter two species, variation in chromosome number was correlated with karyotypic differences. Notably, C. archibaldiorum (2n = 12) had a longer total haploid of chromosome length than C. caspius (2n = 24). On a distribution map, possible correlations between karyological data and geography were indicated. To quantify variation in karyotypes, three inter- and intra-asymmetric karyotypic parameters were estimated. Also, statistical analyses were performed on five karyotypic characters to infer karyological relationships. The members of section Crocus (only C. haussknechtii) and section Nudiscapus occupied distinct positions. Furthermore, at the species level, all accessions of the same species tended to group together. The remarkable karyotypic variation among the studied accessions of C. damascenus and C. haussknechtii supported the previous assumption that these taxa still include undescribed species. It is underlined that changes in chromosome number and structure have played an important role in the evolution of the genus Crocus.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a clinical syndrome that is characterized by loss of ovarian function in women of childbearing age and generally occurs before the age of 40. Genetic causes account for about 20 to 25% of cases of POF. However, in many cases, the origin of the condition remains idiopathic. The objective of this study was to perform cytogenetic research in a group of patients affected by POF in order to identify the type and frequency of chromosomal alterations. Fifteen patients were referred to the Human Cytogenetics Laboratory of the Amazonas State University (UEA) by gynecology specialists from two public health institutions in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, for chromosomal analysis. The analysis was performed via peripheral blood lymphocyte culture using the GTG banding method. The karyotypes were assembled with the help of the GeneAll-HD® software and the results were interpreted according to the ISCN 2016 standards. Of the fifteen patients analyzed, nine (60%) had no chromosomal abnormalities, while six (40%) exhibited chromosomal abnormalities. Of the alterations identified, three patients (20%) presented numerical alterations of the X chromosome with mosaicism, two patients (13%) showed autosomal numerical alterations involving chromosomes 15 and 21, both with mosaicism, and one patient (7%) exhibited a structural alteration in the form of terminal deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome. The results obtained in this study have the potential to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis, assist in medical decisions, provide adequate prognoses and facilitate reproductive management through genetic counseling.

In this study, anther wall structure and the embryological features of male gametophyte development in Jurinea kilaea from Asteraceae family are described for the first time. Capitula of different sizes containing young flower buds of J. kilaea was collected from Tekirdağ, Saray - Kastro coast in July 2022 – 2024. Anthers separated according to their sizes under a stereo microscope were passed through arising alcohol series and embedded in Hisstore. Toluidine blue O solution was used to stain the sections. Slides were examined with light microscope and photographed by an Olympus E330 camera. In J. kilaea, anthers are tetrasporangiate. Anther wall consists of the outermost epidermis, the endothecium, the middle layer and the innermost tapetum layer. Tapetum cells appear to have 1 or 2 nuclei. Tapetum is plasmodial type and, tapetum cells begin to degenerate towards the end of the tetrad phase. Microsporogenesis and pollen mitosis are generally regular. Asynchrony is observed during meiosis in young anther loci. Generally, decussate type tetrad was observed. Rarely pentads were also observed. Cytoplasmic channels were observed between microspores at different stages of microsporogenesis. The mature pollen grains of J. kilaea are generally composed of three nuclei and have a normal structure. However, there have been instances where pollen grains exhibit an abnormal structure. Pollen sterility ratio was found to be 12.1%.

Chromosome studies were conducted on bat species in the Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria, to determine their karyotypes and assess relatedness. Chromosomes were isolated from the bone marrow and testes of various bat species using 0.4% colchicine for cell division arrest. A calibrated eye-piece graticule was used for counting and measuring chromosomes from prepared slides. Calculations for arm ratios and centromeric indices were performed to categorize chromosomes, and ideograms were created based on these measurements. Standard karyotypes for each species were established using photomicrographs of mitotic metaphase chromosomes. A total of eight bat species were sampled, representing the suborders Yinpterochiropera and Yangochiroptera. The species included Epomophorus wahlbergi, Epomophorus gambianus, Microteropus pusillus from Yinpterochiropera, and Nycteris major, Nycteris grandis, Nycteris arge, Scotophilus diaganii, and Scotophilus leucogaster from Yangochiroptera. The diploid chromosome numbers (2n) and fundamental numbers (FN) were as follows: Epomophorus wahlbergi (2n=35, FN=70), Epomophorus gambianus (2n=36, FN=79), Microteropus pusillus (2n=36, FN=79), Nycteris major (2n=40, FN=80), Nycteris grandis (2n=42, FN=82), Nycteris arge (2n=40, FN=78), Scotophilus diaganii (2n=36, FN=45), and Scotophilus leucogaster (2n=36, FN=54). Variations in 2n and FN were attributed to centric fission and loss of p arm segments in some chromosomal pairs, leading to different morphological traits observed in the bat species. The study highlights the rich diversity of bat species in Nsukka and supports the use of karyotyping as an effective method for species differentiation.

Assessing genome size in plant species using flow cytometry requires fresh plant material from both the target species and appropriate internal standards. The use of fresh material from the standards is sometimes difficult. For this reason, a research about three preservation methods and their results when using the plants in flow cytometry has been conducted. We have focused on four of the most used internal standards in flow cytometry to estimate the nuclear DNA amount. Our results pointed out that the best method of conservation was lyophilisation. The conservation method based on drying with silica gel is more advisable to establish the ploidy level than to provide an absolute value of nuclear DNA content. Finally, ultrafreezing is not an appropriate preservation method.

The clones of BAC library combined with FISH are an excellent tool for mapping and identifying full-length genes. The present study was to sequence, mine and characterize the BAC clones of Clarias magur (magur) genome. The end sequences of the BAC clones were bioinformatically mapped onto the genome scaffolds of magur to identify and locate the genes in each clone and FISH was utilized to locate clones on specific chromosomes of magur. A total of 13 BAC clones could be mapped using BAC end sequences on 12 genome scaffolds of magur. From the 13 clones, 34 genes were mined, annotated and characterized. Physical mapping using BAC-FISH signal was used to localize two clones, 012H23 and 012H7 on 11th and 14th chromosome pairs of magur. The gene enrichment analysis revealed involvement of several genes in growth and regulatory processes, such as protein neddylation and metal ion transport. PPI Network analysis revealed two types of interactions among 11 nodes and between 10 edges; and 4 genes (ash2l, cnot2, lin7c, uba3) were identified to be important. The study reveals the presence of important genes on the 13 undertaken clones, making this a useful genomic resource. The FISH probe could not only be helpful in generation of basic information of gene location for identification of genes on the chromosomes as a chromosome marker, but also in detection of chromosomal defects arisen due to genetic mutation occurred if any on a particular location of reported genes in C. magur.

The Lomariopsidoid deer tongue fern genus Elaphoglossum, with about 600 epilithic species, is with either monomorphic or partially dimorphic simple fronds having acrostichoid sori. Due to the rare occurrence of fertile fronds, chromosome number reports are rarely available with the presence of maximum number of diploid species with n=41. Out of seven species of Elaphoglossum from India, five species are present on the Western Ghats of South India itself with three South Indian endemic species. The present study shows that the globally threatened endemic fern Elaphoglossum nilgiricum Krajina ex Sledge from the type locality Nilgiris, India is a tetraploid sexual with 2n=164 chromosomes. This is the first chromosome count for this globally threatened South Indian endemic fern E. nilgiricum Krajina ex Sledge.

Bimodal karyotypes, initially defined by Avdulov, are characterized by one large and one small set of chromosomes, reflecting a particular type of karyotype asymmetry. Despite later discussions by Stebbins, the absence of a quantitative criterion has led to subjective classifications. This study revisits the concept of bimodality through a literature review and proposes an objective criterion based on the ratio between the smallest chromosome of the larger set and the largest of the smaller set. Chromosome morphology and asymmetry were analyzed in 32 species previously classified as bimodal. Statistical tests were applied to detect size discontinuities and assess bimodality. We propose two forms of bimodality, interchromosomal and intrachromosomal, considering differences in size and morphology. Our results show that Drosophila melanogaster and Scaphura nigra exhibit trimodal karyotypes. A ratio of ≥1.5:1 between chromosomal subsets provides a clear and objective criterion for defining bimodality, aligning with the original concepts of Avdulov and Stebbins.

Cytological study in four species of Colocasia (Araceae) of Assam showed a variation of chromosome numbers. Basic chromosome number of the species was reported as n= 14. Dominance of metacentric chromosomes in all the four species and symmetric karyotypes indicate the primitive evolutionary status of the species. Analysis of chromosome asymmetry indices indicate the karyotype homogeneity. Deviation of basic chromosome numbers in Colocasia manii Hook. f. and Colocasia fallax Schott. reflects the possible existence of aneuploidy. Presence of secondary constriction indicates the chromosomal plasticity.