Abstract The growth and characterization of two‐dimensional (2D) crystalline boron‐carbon‐nitride (BCN) have received tremendous attention in the past decade, offering potential applications in optoelectronic and semiconductor technologies. Borazine derivatives have emerged as versatile molecular precursors for the bottom‐up synthesis of 2D BCN materials, enabling atomic‐level control over heteroatom doping and, consequently, precise tuning of the electronic band structure. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthetic strategies developed for organoborazines and their use as single‐source precursors for on‐surface synthesis and subsequent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) characterization of BN‐doped carbon architectures. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between molecular design and resulting on‐surface supramolecular architectures. This review highlights current challenges and outlines future perspectives toward the rational design of borazine precursors for controlled BCN structures.

Abstract Microwave‐assisted organic synthesis provides a rapid and sustainable platform for synthesizing various heterocycles. Microwave‐assisted transition‐metal‐catalyzed C–H activation enables selective bond formation under mild, efficient, and environmentally benign conditions, particularly when using green solvents such as water and biomass‐derived media. This review highlights recent advances in microwave‐promoted methods for N ‐ and O ‐heterocycle synthesis, demonstrating how transition‐metal catalysts accelerate cyclization, annulation, oxidative coupling, and C–H functionalization. In addition, this review also discusses microwave‐assisted transformations employing pre‐activated C–X bonds, which further broaden synthetic access to diverse heterocycles. Overall, microwave‐assisted transition‐metal catalysis offers a versatile and eco‐friendly approach with increasing relevance to medicinal chemistry, materials science, and sustainable synthesis.

Abstract Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are structurally tunable crystalline materials that can undergo stimulus‐induced transformations in the solid state. Herein, we report a light‐induced manganese(II)‐based MOF, [Mn(bpe)(tdc)]·2DMA ( 1 ), incorporating olefinic 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) ligands. MOF 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic C 2/ c space group and features Mn(II) centers with distorted octahedral coordination geometries. The yellow block‐shaped crystals adopt a double‐pillared pcu topology with parallel alignment of bpe ligands, in which the olefinic CC bonds are separated by 4.016 Å, satisfying Schmidt's criteria for solid‐state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. Upon ultraviolet irradiation, MOF 1 undergoes a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction to form [Mn 2 ( rctt ‐tpcb)(tdc) 2 ]·2DMA ( 2 ). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of cyclobutane rings in MOF 2 while preserving the pcu topology, parallel two‐fold interpenetration, and overall crystallinity. Despite the covalent bond formation and structural rearrangement, the coordination environments of the Mn(II) centers remain intact. This work demonstrates a rare example of a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal photochemical transformation in a Mn(II)‐based MOF and highlights the potential of rational structural design for controlling solid‐state photoreactivity.

Abstract Deregulated cell proliferation is a hallmark of carcinogenesis. To develop effective anticancer agents, extensive efforts have been directed toward identifying key regulators of the cell cycle. The piperazine moiety has been reported to possess diverse biological activities; hence, a novel series of piperazine‐based compounds was designed and synthesized as potential anticancer agents. A total of 72 piperazine derivatives were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by spectral analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of all compounds were evaluated against three human colon tumor cell lines (LS513, WiDR, and HCT‐115). Eight representative compounds showing marked cytotoxicity were further tested against five additional human cancer cell lines: A549 (non‐small cell lung), SK‐OV‐3 (ovarian), HCT‐15 (colon), XF‐498 (CNS), and SK‐MEL‐2 (melanoma). Among them, compounds 1B and 4A exhibited potent cytotoxicity with IC 50 values lower than those of standard reference drugs paclitaxel, colchicine, and doxorubicin. Mechanistic investigations revealed that these compounds induced cell‐cycle arrest at the G 2 /M phase, as evidenced by flow cytometric analysis. Particularly, compound 1B acts as a mitotic inhibitor and may serve as a promising lead structure for the development of new anticancer agents.

Abstract A quantitative understanding of through‐space electronic coupling in π ‐stacked organic mixed‐valence (MV) systems remains limited, particularly in regimes where severe geometric compression and conformational effects complicate conventional spectroscopic interpretations. Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of highly compressed π ‐stacked MV systems derived from the cation‐radical 3˙ + and the anion‐radical 4˙ − , which possess closely comparable centroid‐to‐centroid separations well within the sub–van der Waals contact regime. Electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements, together with DFT and TD‐DFT analyses, reveal that the lowest‐energy optical transitions observed for these systems do not arise from equivalent electronic states in the cationic and anionic manifolds. In particular, the anion‐radical system exhibits a pronounced conformational dependence, in which the syn conformer displays fully delocalized electronic structure consistent with Robin–Day Class III behavior, whereas the anti conformer remains Class II. As a consequence, the experimentally observed strong low‐energy absorption of 4˙ − is dominated by the syn conformer and reflects π – π * excitation rather than a conventional intervalence charge‐transfer process. When analyzed within a consistent computational framework, the intrinsic electronic couplings of 3˙ + and 4˙ − converge to a coherent picture in which orientation‐dependent effects, rather than charge‐carrier polarity alone, govern the magnitude and character of through‐space electronic coupling in the highly compressed regime.

Abstract The modular nature of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) enables structural and functional tuning through controlled combinations of organic linkers and metal ions. Here, we report an isostructural MOF series, M‐DGIST‐20, constructed from trinuclear TiM 2 (μ 3 ‐O)(COO) 6 (M 2+ = Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , and Mn 2+ ) clusters and a naphthalenediimide‐based ligand. The frameworks feature high porosity (≈85% void volume) and serve as a platform to examine composition–function relationships. Iodine adsorption experiments reveal metal‐dependent kinetics, with Ni‐DGIST‐20 showing the fastest uptake due to stronger M–I 2 interactions and higher structural robustness. Post‐synthetic coordination of imidazole at open metal sites further increases the adsorption rate and capacity. In addition, efficient photothermal conversion and accessible metal sites in M‐DGIST‐20 allow localized heating and Lewis acidic catalysis, accelerating the Knoevenagel condensation and subsequent Michael addition‐intramolecular cyclization. This study demonstrates how compositional and post‐synthetic tuning can modulate adsorption and catalytic activity of MOFs.

Abstract Protein misfolding and aggregation are critical in amyloidogenic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and prion disorders. While aggregation has been widely studied in terms of extrinsic factors, the influence of intrinsic molecular features, particularly histidine tautomerism, remains poorly understood. In this mini‐review, we summarize recent computational studies elucidating how histidine tautomeric states regulate the structural changes, aggregation propensity, and intermolecular interactions of major amyloidogenic proteins, including amyloid‐β (Aβ40/42), Tau, amylin, prion protein, and profilin‐1, as well as their disease‐associated variants. We discuss tautomer‐dependent effects on monomer conformations, early oligomerization, fibril formation, and cross‐seeding behavior, and highlight the integration of molecular dynamics simulations and computational two‐dimensional infrared spectroscopy for resolving tautomer‐specific signatures. These findings emphasize histidine tautomerism as a critical but underestimated factor in amyloid aggregation mechanisms.

Abstract Optoelectronic properties and phase stability of halide perovskite films are predominantly governed by crystallinity and defect density of thin films. Since the halide perovskite films are generally prepared by solution process, a sufficient engineering window for modulation of nucleation and subsequent growth is ensured, leading to remarkable advances in obtaining high‐quality films in line with developing various engineering strategies to control the nucleation and growth processes. This mini‐review paper covers crystallization process of halide perovskite film, where basic mechanisms are introduced based on LaMer framework with Classical nucleation theory while deriving adjustable key parameters for crystallization. Meanwhile, effective strategies, being widely adopted for preparing a high‐performing perovskite film, are scrutinized to understand their underlying mechanisms from thermodynamic perspective by carefully assessing the respective contribution from a surface term–in close relation with interfacial energy–driven and a volume term–in close relation with supersaturation degree–driven total Gibbs free energy change. Furthermore, subsequent crystal growth kinetics are understood by introducing two extreme conditions of diffusion‐controlled and reaction‐controlled growth, where underlying mechanisms of effective strategies are examined to correlate their influence on the extreme growth conditions. Lastly, the representative models for particle coarsening are introduced to understand post‐growth mechanisms for grain growth.

Abstract Quaternary‐ammonium‐functionalized BODIPY photosensitizers were synthesized and systematically investigated to elucidate the influence of meso‐phenyl electronic substitution on photophysical properties, intracellular behavior, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) performance. Four water‐soluble, cationic BODIPY derivatives bearing para‐substituents (–H, –OMe, –NO 2 , and –I) were prepared via an azide–alkyne click reaction, enabling a controlled structure–property comparison using a fixed mitochondrial‐targeting scaffold. All compounds exhibited characteristic BODIPY absorption and emission profiles, with BHTP, BMTP, and BITP maintaining high fluorescence quantum yields, whereas BNTP showed pronounced fluorescence quenching due to photo‐induced electron transfer. Singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ = 0.01–0.06) were strongly dependent on meso‐phenyl electronic effects, with BITP displaying the highest ΦΔ as a result of the heavy‐atom effect. Cellular studies revealed negligible dark cytotoxicity for all derivatives and pronounced light‐induced cytotoxicity for BITP and BMTP. Confocal co‐localization experiments confirmed preferential mitochondrial accumulation, as evidenced by strong overlap with MitoTracker Red signals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that meso‐phenyl electronic tuning, combined with a fixed cationic and water‐soluble BODIPY scaffold, provides an effective strategy for balancing fluorescence imaging and PDT activity, offering design guidelines for mitochondria‐targeted theranostic photosensitizers.

Abstract A chemical strategy depositing functional nanoemulsions onto Fe(III)‐tannic acid (TA) priming layers enables the fabrication of polyphenolic composite nanocoatings. Optimization of the composition yields stable nanoemulsions (~200 nm) utilizing a 1:1 trans ‐cinnamaldehyde/olive oil core and a lactoferrin shell. These nanoemulsions demonstrate superior colloidal stability, specifically maintaining dispersion stability for 7 days at room temperature, resisting heat up to 60°C, and withstanding centrifugal shear forces. Notably, a 3‐day incubation triggers interfacial conjugation between trans‐cinnamaldehyde and lactoferrin. On Fe(III)‐TA‐primed surfaces, these nanoemulsions promote the uniform growth of multinary composite nanofilms. This methodology offers a versatile, biocompatible approach to developing tailored composite nanocoatings, establishing a robust platform for engineering functional interfaces in food and biomedical applications.