The paper proposes the use of the non-Euclidean metric to reduce the uncertainty that occurs when measuring voltage for the tasks of ongoing continuous control of electric power consumption in large, branched high-voltage electric networks. The problem is that for continuous control of electric power consumption, it is necessary to install the active and reactive power measuring equipment in each node of the electric network (at each substation) and to ensure the transmission of measurement information to dispatching control centers. For countries with large electric networks, long distances between electric grid nodes and dispatch control centers, this requires huge capital costs. Therefore, it is advisable to place equipment for measuring electric power and voltage only in individual nodes of the electrical network, and then calculate the parameters of the remaining nodes based on Kirchhoff's laws. But at the same time, there is a significant measurement uncertainty, because the complex value of the voltage is usually not measured, only the modulus of the voltage values is used for the calculation. The use of non-Euclidean metrics provides the reduction of the input data uncertainty, which are necessary to control the consumption of electric power in each node of the electric network.

Copper chalcogenides have a complex electronic structure due to the interaction of hybridized s- and p-states of chalcogen forming a valence band with 3d states of copper, which greatly complicates the interpretation of temperature dependences of kinetic parameters having a nonmonotonic character. Cu2S copper sulfide is an effective thermoelectric material, so it is interesting to study its kinetic parameters of solid solutions that it forms with alkali metals. The nonstoichiometry of chalcogenides can be easily controlled electrochemically, therefore, the task of selecting the optimal composition according to the cationic sublattice is quite feasible. The paper presents experimental studies of the properties of Cu2S binary copper sulfide. Copper chalcogenides have a complex electronic structure due to the interaction of hybridized s- and p-states of chalcogen forming a valence band with 3d states of copper, which greatly complicates the interpretation of temperature dependences of kinetic parameters having a nonmonotonic character. For the Cu2S sample, rather low values of the electron thermal EMF coefficient of the sample from 0.05 mV/K to 0.25 mV/K were found, which are more typical for metals than for semiconductors. The thermal conductivity of the Cu2S sample is quite low, it rises to 0.3 W/m*K at a phase transition of about 380 K and does not fall below 0.2 W/m*K. Thus, the nonstoichiometry of chalcogenides can be easily controlled electrochemically, therefore, the task of selecting the optimal composition according to the cationic sublattice is quite feasible. In addition, to improve the thermoelectric properties of Cu2S, it can be achieved by alloying alkali metals into a binary copper sulfide matrix.

The influence of reduced graphene oxide and the optoelectronic characterictics of a nanocomposites based on rGO and TiO2 were studied. Surface morphology and Raman spectra of nanocomposite materials indicate the presence of initial components. It has been illustrated that during hydrothermal synthesis further reduction of rGO occurs, i.e. the variety of oxygen-containing groups decreases. Studies of current-voltage characteristics have displayed the availability of rGO in the nanocomposite leads to an increase in the photo induced current to more than 40 µA. Next, the photoresponsivity of the samples was determined, which is three orders of value higher than pure titanium dioxide for nano-composite material. And the detectivity also increased 9 times. This parameter allows you to identify the performance of the device. In this regard, the UV detector based on nanocomposite has a higher performance. Studies also show a decrease in reaction time to light irradiation. When irradiated, the nanocomposite material reacts to light three orders of magnitude faster than TiO2.

This paper presents the results of research aimed at developing the technology of plow share hardening by means of electrofriction hardening. It is shown that in electrofriction hardening of plow shares a structure with microhardness gradient is formed along the depth of the hardened zone. After electrofriction hardening the microhardness of plow share increases in 3–3.5 times in comparison with the initial state. The reason for the gradient character of microhardness distribution along the thickness of the modified layer is the ultra-high cooling rate, which causes a high temperature gradient near the surface. On the basis of the results of scanning electron microscopy it is established that at electrofriction hardening of steel 40Kh the hardened surface layer is formed, consisting of two zones: the surface hardened zone with the structure of fine–needle martensite and austenite; the zone of thermal influence (transition layer) with martensite-perlite structure, smoothly passing into the initial ferrite-perlite structure. It is established that the phase composition of steel 40Kh in the initial state consists of α-Fe phase with BCC lattice, and after electrofriction hardening the hardening phases of residual austenite (γ-Fe) and martensite (α'-Fe) are formed. The obtained data allow us to conclude that electrofriction treatment is an effective method of plow share hardening from structural steel 40Kh.

Magnus wind turbines have a number of advantages in the form of electricity generation at low wind values, ranging from 3-4 m/s. However, at high speeds around the existing blades of wind turbines, there is a phenomenon of separation of vortices, which entails the destruction of the structure, as well as an increase in drag. Based on this, an urgent issue is the regulation of the flow around cylindrical bodies, along with a decrease in drag force. The novelty of the work is the elimination of vortices, as well as their control, by adding a fixed blade to the cylinder. Authors of the article for this purpose created a mock-up of the cylinder blade with a fixed blade. A number of experimental studies were carried out to determine the aerodynamic forces and coefficients depending on the angle of inclination with respect to the incoming flow at U = 5 m/s. It was found that at an angle of inclination of 0° and 180°, the combined blade has a maximum lifting force of 2.7 N and 2.75 N, respectively. It is determined that at these angles, the drag force is the lowest and is 1.26 N and 1.08 N.

Preliminary studies of fluoranhydrite as a binder showed that on its own it almost does not harden, intervention in the technological process of basic production is almost impossible, so in order to obtain materials it is necessary to develop ways of modifying it to initiate the binder properties or use “acidic” fluoranhydrite before the neutralization stage. In this work the influence of various additives (sodium sulfate and sodium sulfite, potassium sulfate, copper sulfate, iron sulfate crystallohydrate, alumina aluminate, sodium carbonate) on the properties of fluorine hydrite binders produced by neutralization of sour waste from hydrofluoric acid production with an excess of limestone was studied. In this work to obtain dependences of anhydrite binder technological properties on the number of introduced additives and determine the optimal composition of the binder, as well as create mathematical models of the processes under study and their statistical analysis used mathematical planning of the experiment. As the conducted studies showed the speed of setting of products based on anhydrite binder and their strength mainly depend on the temperature of water and its amount for mixing at the optimum dispersity of the binder. The strength of the samples made from the neutralized waste was found to be in the range of 0.5‒1.2 MPa, and the strength of the samples based on the activated anhydrite binder ― in the range of 5.3‒10.7 MPa that corresponds to the parameters of the material suitable for the production of boards.

Modern research efforts are aimed at developing fuel cells characterized by high efficiency, low cost and environmental friendliness, which largely depend on the properties of the corresponding catalyst materials ― the most important components of the fuel cell. Catalysts based on metal chalcogenides, predominantly S based, have activity in accelerating the oxygen reduction reaction comparable to the activity of Pt in H2SO4. The work uses the technique of compacting powder materials and obtained volumetric samples. Nanodisperse powder fractions with an average particle size of (50–100) nm were obtained. The values of the thermo-emf coefficient (about 0.08 mV/K) were obtained for the studied alloy with low defects in the cation sublattice of the Сu2S0.5Te0.5 type. It was found that a decrease in grain size leads to a significant decrease in electronic conductivity for all studied samples. The paper presents the results of a study of the thermoelectric properties of the Cu2S0.5Te0.5 triple alloy. For the studied composition, a decrease in thermal conductivity by (25‒30)% and a slight increase in the thermal emf coefficient compared with large–crystal samples were obtained. Low thermal conductivity was found in the range (0.3–1.1) W m-1 K-1 with a conductivity above 1000 ohms-1cm-1. For the studied sample Cu2S0.5Te0.5 ― thermoelectric efficiency (ZT = 0.25) at 400 °C, which allows us to hope for the possibility of improving the characteristics of samples of this composition to acceptable values for practical thermoelectric devices by selecting the optimal alloying.

Deflector plates consist of two parallel conductive plates that create a deflecting electric field. They can be used to control the flow of charged particles ― electrons or ions. The effect of the еdgе fiеld of deflector plates leads to a change in the velocity of charged particles in the longitudinal and transverse directions, consequently of which their real trajectories change, deviating from ideal ones, which violates the space-time resolution of corpuscular optical devices in which they are used. Apart from that, the electric field at the input to the plates of deflector can vary over time, which must also be taken into account when the deflector diverts the beam of charged particles. Thus, in many cases, the use of deflector plates with open ends is inappropriate, since uncontrolled scattering fields are formed. In this article, we can consider the field of deflector plates with expanded screens at the output, so that deflecting beams of charged particles can be used at the output of deflector plates. Using the methods of the theory of complex variable functions, analytical expressions for the edge field of deflector plates with grounded screens were obtained. Firstly, by grounding the screens and shielding the plates from the deflection field, we can localize the edge electric field and reduce the uncontrolled scattering fields, and secondly, such a field can be accurately calculated analytically.

The creation of a laboratory installation was carried out with an aim to ensure the study of the working processes and characteristics of vacuum boosters as a part of hydraulic brake drives for vehicles with a gross weight of up to 3.5 tons for civilian usage, and armored vehicles with a gross weight of up to 8.5 tons designated for service and combat missions. Theoretical researches in this direction have been previously carried out by a number of scientists of the Department of “Automobiles” named after prof. Gredeskul A.B. in Kharkiv National Automobile and Road University, the results of which have been highlighted in a number of scientific papers. Comparison of the results of theoretical studies with the experimental ones, received on the laboratory setup and suggested in this paper, according to the experimental method described in the article, using the created electronic signal processing complex and sensor unit, made it possible to establish a discrepancy between theoretical and experimental studies within 6%. This complex for experimental research was created for the first time, thus allowing to obtain the results that confirm the theoretical studies of the vacuum boosters of the brake drive of cars, as well as revealed a number of dependencies between the weight and overall parameters of the under research unit, along with the number of functional relationships between the structural components of the vacuum boosters, which enables to significantly optimize its design.

This work is devoted to the study of changes in the crystal structure, chemical and phase composition of copper samples subjected to extreme effects of temperature, pressure and electromagnetic fields. With the help of X-ray diffraction, as well as microanalysis, it was revealed that the plastic deformation of copper wires in the car power supply system leads to the formation of a superconducting Cu2O phase. This is the reason for the rapid ignition of the car, as it leads to a sharp increase in the magnitude of the electric current and temperature in the plastic deformation zone of copper wires. During explosion welding of copper samples, the Cu2O phase appears on their surface, which has superconducting properties. This significantly changes the electrophysical properties of copper samples. In metallurgical processes during the smelting of copper products, there is a possibility of the appearance of a superconducting Cu2O phase. When modifying a copper melt with hardening additives, the superconducting Cu2O phase makes it possible to obtain fracture-resistant copper products with high electrical conductivity. Plastic deformation of a copper foil 30 mkm thick by a magnetic field generated by a current of 180 kA leads to the formation of a texture and rupture of the foil. This has been detected using X-ray diffraction, as well as optical and scanning electron microscopy.