We would like to express our gratitude to all Authors, Reviewers, and Editorial Board Members that support this project unconditionally. We are also grateful to all scientists involved in this project since 2011 or who joined during the years. Volume 13, for the year 2023, was completed on April 11, 2023. It was composed of 600 papers, published free of charge. Now, it starts Volume 14, for 2024, with ~8 months in advance. It seems that our dedication and passion for science were flagged as “unrelated” by “a new, internally developed AI tool to help us identify outlier characteristics that indicate that a journal may no longer meet our quality criteria”1. In the following, from the optimistic horizons to failure and discreditation.

For more than four decades, the bisphosphonates family has been applied for osteoporosis and skeletal metastasis therapy. These drugs decrease the viability of cancer cells that are guided through the HER group of receptor tyrosine kinases. We discussed that bisphosphonates straightly bind to and inhibit HER kinases. In this study for docking a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate with human FPPS and a few other targets, the iGEMDOCK docking software has been used. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs) are mostly applied for bone treatment and also for the loss of skeletal disorders. The adsorption, retention, diffusion, and release of (NBPs) in bone are controlled by their affinities to such mineral compounds. Bisphosphonates have a high affinity for Ca2+ and therefore attack bone minerals, where they are internalized by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and inhibit osteoclast function. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs), including Alendronate, Zolendronate, Risedronic, Ibandronate, and Pamidronate, are functionalized as effective inhibitors of bone resorption diseases. It targets FPPS (osteoclast farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase) to inhibit protein prenylation. Generally, the strong interaction sequence is as follows Alendronate > Risedronic > Pamidronate > Zolendronate > Ibandronate, and this was because of strong electrostatic interactions between amine groups and phosphate ions.

Although hydroxyapatite (HA) has exceptional biological qualities that inspire researchers to employ it as an appealing biomaterial for various purposes, its usage in hard tissue replacement applications is severely restricted because of its fragility. In order to create nanocomposites with the necessary mechanical properties for biomedical applications, HA was produced, and various amounts of alumina (Al2O3) were added to it. Additionally, the phase composition of the powdered nanocomposites was examined using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Crystal sizes, lattice strain, and dislocation density were all estimated as well. In order to measure the produced nanocomposite powders’ physical and elastic characteristics using the Archimedes method and ultrasonic non-destructive technique, they were then pressed and sintered at 1000 °C. The resulting information made it clear that further increases in the weight percentages of Al2O3 resulted in a 10.25, 25.64, and 33.33% reduction in crystal size. As a result of adding more Al2O3-up to 20 weight, percent-the results also showed that this properties-microhardness, compressive strength, Young’s modulus, elastic modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio-were improved by 109, 36.29, 95.5, 100.59, 104.97, 92.84 and 9.5%, respectively. Unfortunately, it increased its porosity by considerable amounts. It might be argued that the generated nanocomposites are favorable for biomedical applications.

Graphene and its derivatives have received significant attention due to their outstanding properties. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial properties of graphene and its reinforcement effect on the mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for potential bone substitution. The morphology of graphene was initially observed via a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Five concentrations of graphene (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.0625 mg/mL) were then prepared, and its antibacterial properties were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus. Two concentrations that exhibited the highest antibacterial properties were selected and incorporated with PMMA. Graphene exhibited superior antibacterial properties at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL concentrations. The 0.5 mg/mL graphene-reinforced PMMA presented an increment of compressive strength by up to 48% and a compressive modulus of 72% compared to unfilled PMMA. In conclusion, the PMMA composite with improved biological and mechanical performance could be potentially used as a bone substitution.

Polymer photovoltaics have great technological potential as an alternative source of electrical energy. The demand for inexpensive, renewable energy sources drives new approaches to produce low-cost polymer solar cells. In the last decade, the development of these solar cells has progressed rapidly. One of the limiting parameters of these polymer photovoltaics is the mismatch between their absorption spectrum and the terrestrial solar spectrum. Using low-band-gap polymers is a viable method to expand the absorption spectrum of solar cells and increase their efficiency. We report first-principles calculations on the binding of Poly(9-vinylcarbazole), PVK, to graphene. Considering the different relative orientations of the subsystems, our calculations predict reasonable binding energies, demonstrating interactions between the polymer and graphene. The band gap value we have calculated in this work is low enough to make the nanoheterostructure exceedingly promising for photovoltaic applications.

Human body balance is a gradual formation through repetition of actions, trial and error, and improving the mechanism of muscular-skeletal architecture for adapting to the demands of the environment. In the learning process, sensory receptors continuously send signals to the brain, then the brain to muscles and make a new signals pathway. Each time the body performs an action, millions of new synaptic connections are formed, and repetitive actions strengthen connections. So, a balanced body reuses the learned mechanism without performing any complex calculations. In contrast, the balance problem of a self-balancing robot has been solved by many different control algorithms. In this work, we propose a novel way to balance a two-wheeled self-balancing robot using bio-realistic Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) to learn self-balancing, which is closely related to the way babies learn. To accomplish this, the gaussian shaped sensory neuronal population is connected with motor neurons through Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) based synapses, further controlled with dopamine neurons. The key aspects of this approach are its bio-realistic nature and zero dependencies on data for adopting a new behavior compared to Deep Reinforcement Learning. Furthermore, this biologically-inspired mechanism can be used to improve the methodology for programming the robots to mimic Biological Intelligence.

The rising shortage of water resources and the need to provide water in many regions like Morocco around the world has been crucial and will become increasingly alarming in the future. Water bodies can be practically polluted or impaired by industrial, agricultural, and anthropogenic waste. Heavy metals are widely known environmental contaminants due to their toxicity, prevalence, and bioaccumulation. They build up in the environment, disrupting the food chains as chronic pollutants. In organisms, including humans, the deposition of possibly hazardous heavy metals poses a significant threat to health. This review paper highlights the present research on heavy metal removal, focusing on adsorbents and techniques accessible and feasible, such as adsorptive separation by substances, including a metal oxide, graphene, zeolite, and carbon-based composites. These techniques received a lot of acknowledgment due to their significant active surface area, high proportion of functional groups, increased chemical and thermal stability, and impressive adsorption efficiency and efficacy. The economic aspects and feasibility of adsorbents have also been presented.

The theoretical description for amavadin-ion electrochemical determination in mushroom pulp has been given for the first time. The correspondent mathematical model has been developed and analyzed by linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis, providing the theoretical investigation of the electrochemical behavior of the electroanalytical system. It has been shown that the system behavior in galvanostatic mode is more dynamic than in potentiostatic mode, which is reflected in the enhancement of the probability of the electrochemical oscillations due to the intense influence of chemical and electrochemical stages on both DEL and surface charge. Nevertheless, the system is efficient for electroanalysis or conducting polymer modification for electroanalytical purposes.

In this manuscript, the impact of Soret and Dufour numbers on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow for Silver (Ag) and Copper (Cu) water-based nanofluids past a moving plate over a porous medium are investigated numerically. The influences of heat sources and chemical reactions are also considered, as their applications are prevalent in several industries. The flow's constituents' governing equations are coupled with Partial differential equations (PDEs) that are converted into a dimensionless form using appropriate flow parameters. Subsequently, the finite-difference technique is used to resolve the resulting equations. The varied effects of flow parameters on the momentum, temperature, and concentration boundary layers are investigated using various graphs. The results presented in terms of non-dimensional parameters like shear stress factor, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number of fluids are tabulated for the nanofluids Ag-water and Cu-water. It is found that the augmented values of Dufour and Soret numbers enhance the fluid velocity. However, the species concentration decreases in the existence of Dufour and chemical reaction effects.

Previous studies have demonstrated the potential anticancer effect of quercetin (QUR). However, water insolubility and less bioavailability of QUR reduce its efficiency in cancer therapy. So, this study aims to develop a nanoformulation of quercetin (QURnp) and evaluate its anticancer effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice compared with native QUR. QUR- loaded pluronic nanoparticles (QURnp) were prepared and characterized. To investigate the anticancer effect of QUR and QURnp, histopathological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, cell cycle analysis, western blot, and qRT-PCR studies were performed on EAC tumor cells, as well as antioxidant biomarkers. The results showed that QURnp destroyed tumor cells and significantly elevated antioxidant status with the reduction in MDA and NO levels. QURnp caused mitochondrial degeneration in tumor cells. Furthermore, QURnp completely reduced tumor growth by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase via overexpression of p27 and suppression of angiogenesis via downregulation in VEGF gene expression. Moreover, immunohistochemical studies indicated that QURnp showed significant inhibition of proliferation marker Ki-67 and anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. This study demonstrated that QURnp is a promising anticancer agent superior to native QUR.