This case is about a century-old integrated steel plant combined with mines, having more than 0.42 million capitalintensive assets, ages ranging from 0 to 100 years and spreads across 700+ hectares as shown in Figure 1. Assets having varied levels of automation maturity with different maintenance methodologies. It’s about shifting the whole maintenance paradigm from Time-based & Condition-based to Predictive. Through digital initiatives & optimum maintenance cost, we are trying to develop a Maintenance Transformation Roadmap (MTR) to ensure maximum machine availability/ reliability. For this paradigm shift from conventional to predictive maintenance, critical assets were identified through a systematic approach. Under this MTR Journey, to bridge the sensor gap, SMART Sensor (3 axis vibration & Temperature) was identified as the appropriate solution. Customizable In-house SMART Sensor applicable in Mining & Steel industry application and low-cost solution helped in cross locational horizontal. Presently early warning alerts saved 1000+ potential breakdowns on 1200nos critical assets. The Predictive Maintenance Framework has both tangible and intangible benefits. While safety is the most important intangible benefit of this technology, tangible benefits include approved savings of $20 Million. Further, we expect to save $12.5 Million by deploying our Sensor and $35 Million via prevention of breakdowns

There is a variety of corrosion surfaces and corrosion interfaces on glass associated with the development of patina. This has been determined by examination of patina/glass contacts in ‘mature’, older patina, some 100 years old and 20 years old, in Australian settings, and in experimentally-produced patina in the laboratory. The form of these corrosion surfaces and corrosion interfaces largely determines, in the next stage of patina accretion, the form of accretionary patina as it invades glass. The types of corrosion surfaces and corrosion interfaces recognized are: large irregular, shallow concave depressional, scalloped or cuspate, lobate/semi-lobate solutional invasion fronts, meso-etched, micro-etched, plain, fungal micro-bore architecture (invaginated), cuspate structure, and brecciated. The various types of corrosion surfaces and corrosion interfaces appear to reflect the heterogeneity of glass chemistry and extent of fungal bio mediation. The geometry of the corrosion surfaces determines the geometry of accretionary patina.

This work explores the impact of fly ash and nanoparticle reinforcements (TiO2 , hBN, B4 C) on the mechanical and tribological properties of magnesium nanocomposites produced via mechanical alloying. The investigation revealed that incorporating these reinforcements increased the compressive strength and microhardness of the composites compared to pure Mg. Notably, the Mg-fly ash + B4 C composite exhibited the highest microhardness (50.74 HV), representing a 71.3% increase. Tribological analysis demonstrated that the Mg-fly ash composite and Mg-fly ash + TiO2 composite displayed slightly lower friction coefficients than pure Mg. The Mg-fly ash + hBN composite exhibited the lowest friction coefficient due to the lubricating nature of hBN. In contrast, the Mg-fly ash + B4 C composite showed the highest friction coefficient due to its inherently rough surface. These findings suggest that the developed hybrid magnesium nanocomposites offer a compelling combination of enhanced mechanical properties and tunable tribological behavior, making them suitable for applications demanding both wear resistance and reduced friction.

A mathematical programming framework based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for surfaceunderground mining options and transition optimization for resource extraction is presented in this paper. Existing models are mainly based on a stepwise optimization approach with limited constraints which produces localized optimal solutions and are often impractical. For mineral deposits amenable to both surface and underground mining options, the MILP framework determines the most suitable mining option and associated schedule to exploit the orebody. The MILP formulation is tested and implemented on a gold deposit case study. The NPV of the optimal mining option ($ 2.515 billion) is sensitive to the gold price, ore quantity delivered from the underground mine, and delay factor associated in supporting the operational development and stopes. Positive changes in the delay factors associated with operational development support and mining stope support have more impact on the NPV than negative changes. However, the NPV is highly sensitive to the mining stope support delay than the operational development support delay

In the IR spectra of nominally pure and doped MgO crystals after irradiation, an intense absorption band appears at 1600 cm-1. This message discusses the model of the corresponding absorption center.

This study investigates the effect of incorporating ceramic particles, specifically Chromium Carbide (CrC), Tantalum Carbide (TaC), and Niobium Carbide (NbC), on the mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminum alloy. The investigation uses the Friction Stir Processing (FSP) fabrication technique. The results indicate substantial enhancements in mechanical properties compared to the material without reinforcement. Reinforced composites display elevated longitudinal and shear velocities, which signifies enhanced rigidity and ability to withstand deformation when subjected to different force directions. Using CrC and TaC reinforcements in the AA6061/CrC+TaC composite led to the maximum velocities for both wave types, indicating a notably rigid composite material. Introducing ceramic particles to AA6061 significantly augments Young’s and shear modulus, indicating improved strength and stiffness. AA6061/CrC+TaC showed the most notable enhancement of all the reinforcements, underscoring the potential of using combined reinforcements. Incorporating ceramic particles into AA6061 greatly enhances its microhardness and Vickers hardness. The addition of Tantalum Carbide (TaC) as a reinforcement resulted in the most significant enhancement, indicating a robust interaction with the matrix. Notably, composites with a combination of reinforcements (CrC+TaC and CrC+NbC) displayed even greater hardness, possibly due to synergistic effects.

The flotation of small particles is one of the considerable global challenges facing the mineral raw materials processing industry today. In the recent 10 years, the effects of cavitation Nanobubbles (NB) on the efficiency of selective flotation of fine and ultrafine mineral particles have been explored in several experimental studies. Since the findings obtained in these studies are inconsistent and contradictory, there has been a need for a theoretical assessment of the potential of the above approach for practical applications in the area of poor fine-disseminated ores beneficiation. Application of the kinetic laws, describing the behavior of dispersed systems in a turbulent flow, has allowed establishing that, similar to flocculants, NB could bind hydrophobic particles into large aggregates and thus increase the efficiency of their capture by conventional coarse bubbles in flotation. It has been demonstrated that the optimal volumetric dose of NB per unit mass of particles could be calculated by the formula 2 b pp f dd = ρ , where db is NB size, and dp and ρp – respectively are the size and density of particles. Based on the real data, the optimal numerical concentration of NB was calculated, and the established value was found to be in the range (108 -109 ) mL/L. The essential factor that limits practical applications of NB resides both in the low productivity of the known methods of NB generation and in the engineering difficulties of producing NB in sufficient quantities directly in the pulp. The last, but not the least important limiting factor is that the low concentration of small particles of valuable mineral in real pulps leads to very slow growth of such aggregates since the turbulence level in the flotation machines is almost by two orders of magnitude lower than the level required.