The circular Fermatean fuzzy (CFF) set is an advancement of the Fermatean fuzzy (FF) set and the interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy (IVFF) set which deals with uncertainty. The CFF set is represented as a circle of radius ranging from 0 to 2 with the center at the degree of association (DA) and degree of nonassociation (DNA). If multiple people are involved in making decisions, the CFF set, as an alternative to the FF and IVFF sets, can deal with ambiguity more effectively by encircling the decision values within a circle rather than taking an average. Using algorithms, a pattern can be observed computationally or visually. Machine learning algorithm utilizes pattern recognition as an instrument for identifying patterns and also similarity measure (SM) is a beneficial pattern recognition tool used to classify items, discover variations, and make future predictions for decision making. In this work, we introduce the CFF cosine and Dice similarity measures (CFFDMs and CFFSMs), and their properties are studied. Unlike traditional approaches of decision making, which emphasize a single number, the proposed CFFSMs observe the pattern over the circular region to help in dealing with uncertainty more effectively. We introduce an innovative decision-making method in the FF setting. Available bank loans and applicants’ eligibility levels are represented as CFF set using their FF criteria and are taken as loan patterns and customer eligibility patterns. The loan is allocated to the applicant by measuring the CFFCSM and CFFDSM between the two patterns. Also, laptops are suggested to the customers by measuring the similarity between specification pattern and requirement pattern. The correctness and consistency of the proposed models are ensured by comparison analysis and graphical simulations of the input and similarity CFFNs.

Nanopollution (NPOs), a burgeoning consequence of the widespread use of nanoparticles (NPs) across diverse industrial and consumer domains, has emerged as a critical environmental issue. While extensive research has scrutinized the repercussions of NPs pollution on ecosystems and human health, scant attention has been directed towards unraveling its implications for plant life. This comprehensive review aims to bridge this gap by delving into the nuanced interplay between NPOs and plant metabolism, encompassing both primary and secondary processes. Our exploration encompasses an in-depth analysis of the intricate mechanisms governing the interaction between plants and NPs. This involves a thorough examination of how physicochemical properties such as size, shape, and surface characteristics influence the uptake and translocation of NPs within plant tissues. The impact of NPOs on primary metabolic processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, nutrient uptake, and water transport. Additionally, this study explored the multifaceted alterations in secondary metabolism, shedding light on the synthesis and modulation of secondary metabolites in response to NPs exposure. In assessing the consequences of NPOs for plant life, we scrutinize the potential implications for plant growth, development, and environmental interactions. The intricate relationships revealed in this review underscore the need for a holistic understanding of the plant-NPs dynamics. As NPs become increasingly prevalent in ecosystems, this investigation establishes a fundamental guide that underscores the importance of additional research to shape sustainable environmental management strategies and address the extensive effects of NPs on the development of plant life and environmental interactions.

This study presents the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a chitosan-coated copper cobalt oxide nanocomposite (Ch/CuCo2O4 NC) derived from copper cobalt oxide nanocomposites (CuCo2O4 NPs) via a hydrothermal method. Structural and functional attributes of Ch/CuCo2O4 NC was validated through FESEM, XRD, FTIR, TEM, and EDX analyses. X-ray diffraction confirmed a distinct cubic crystal phase, affirming structural integrity FTIR demonstrated a robust chitosan-CuCo2O4 interaction, fortifying performance. The versatility of Ch/CuCo2O4 nanocomposite is demonstrated by its dual functions as an effective antibacterial, anticancer agent targeting HeLa cells, and a powerful photocatalyst for dye removal. The low toxicity towards normal fibroblasts (L-929) emphasizes its potential for biomedical applications. This work originally lies in the synthesis methodology and the unique multifunctional properties exhibited by the Ch/CuCo2O4 nanocomposite, paving the way for its diverse applications in environmental and biomedical domains.

Abstract The authors present some new criteria for the oscillation of second order nonlinear differential equations with mixed nonlinear neutral terms and mixed deviating arguments. The approach used is to linearize the equation under consideration and then to deduce the oscillation from that of the linear form. In so doing, the authors obtain new oscillation criteria via a comparison with the first order equations whose oscillatory behaviors are known. They illustrate their results with some examples.

This work describes the fabrication of a carbazole derivative 1 namely (E)-5-(diethylamino)-2-((9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)imino)methyl)phenol(1) based colorimetric probe for the selective detection of copper (II) ions. The as-prepared carbazole derivative was characterized using various spectral techniques including UV–visible absorption, Emission, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. The colorimetric chemosensing potential of the synthesized carbazole derivative 1 to detect Cu2+ ions in a solution of different cations at different emission wavelengths based on photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism was undertaken. In addition, the probe 1 showed significant DPPH scavenging activity. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the carbazole derivative 1 were also assessed. The selectivity of probe 1 towards Cu2+ ions could be exploited to reduce copper induced toxicity.

AbstractThe efficacy and selectivity of the transition metal‐free catalysis have been emphasized in constructing thiosemicarbazone derivatives from the dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols and thiosemicarbazides under aerobic conditions. A broad spectrum of thiosemicarbazones was obtained in good‐to‐excellent yields up to 90 %, with water as the only by‐product. The catalytic synthesis worked in an atom‐economical fashion in the absence of any oxidant with only 1 mmol of the base loading per mmol of the substrates. Further, the impact of different temperatures, solvents, bases, and base loading of the coupling reaction has been explored. A probable pathway that involves the generation of an aldehyde intermediate to thiosemicarbazones, which releases only water has been proposed.

The synthesis process of tin oxide (SnO2) nanostructures and the performance of alizarin-based SnO2 dye-sensitized solar cells have been investigated in the current work. For the first time, tin oxide nanostructures with various pH values are synthesized using the template taken from parthenium hysterophorous flower which acts as the photoanodes. SnO2 film coated with alizarin dye, a platinum counter electrode, and an iodine electrolyte are used to fabricate DSSC. The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the SnO2 nanostructures are investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL), attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra, and UV–visible spectroscopy techniques. Current density-voltage (J-V) parameters are measured using electrochemical workstation with solar illumination.

Three new complexes containing 2‐thiophenylterpyridine (TP) ligand, namely, [Co(stpy)2]Cl2 (Co‐TP), [Ni(stpy)Cl2]2 (Ni‐TP) and [Pd(stpy)Cl]Cl (Pd‐TP) were synthesized and subsequently characterized employing various spectroscopic techniques including UV–Visible, IR, 1H NMR, EPR, and ESI‐MS analysis. ESI‐MS spectra suggested the complexes Co‐TP and Ni‐TP to be six coordinated with two ligand units and the complex Pd‐TP to be a four‐coordinated mononuclear square planar complex. The dimeric nature of the complex Ni‐TP (M2L2Cl4) was established by X‐ray diffraction analysis, which confirmed the bridging of two nickel centers by two chloride ions. The ligand and complexes were assessed for their cytotoxic behavior by using MTT colorimetric assay. The compounds TP, Co‐TP, Ni‐TP and Pd‐TP displayed significant antiproliferative activity on A549 (human lung carcinoma) and MM2 (human breast cancer) cell lines and had no toxic effect on human normal embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). Further, the morphological changes associated with MM2 and A549 cells triggered by the tested compounds due to apoptosis have been validated with the help of AO‐EB and DAPI staining assays.

Conventional nanoparticle (NP) synthesis based on physical and chemical processes are costly and are mostly associated with harmful effects on environment, whereas the use of plant extract is eco-friendly and cost effective which could act as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. Herein, the present study is aimed to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles from nickel nitrate precursor and Sesbania grandiflora flower extract. Synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles were characterized by Ultraviolet–Visible, FT-IR, SEM and XRD analyses. Ni-O stretching vibrations at 418 cm−1 in the FT-IR spectrum confirmed the formation of NiO NPs. The XRD pattern revealed the crystallite size of the NiO NPs to be in range of 19.9–60.4 nm. The morphology of the NiO NPs as revealed by the SEM images, which was rod like structure. The anticancer activity of the synthesized NiO NPs was evaluated with MM2 (human breast cancer cells) and HeLa (human cervical cancer cells) and compared with cisplatin. In MM2, the IC50 value of the NiO NPs is 33.57 ± 1.37 µg/mL whereas in HeLa, the IC50 value is 26.92 ± 1.67 µg/mL. The value is significant when compared with the conventional standard drug cisplatin (17.80 ± 0.30 µg/mL for MM2 and 15.06 ± 0.84 µg/mL for HeLa).

In the world of marketing, the word femvertising plays a dramatic change in India which influences the women consumers ‘perception towards the gender portrayal of advertising. In today‘s advertisement the women empowerment has a great crash in the purchase behavior . which in turn generates profit for the business and also creates gender equality in the society where it becomes the leading theme in the advertisement sector. Most of the advertisement projects focused more on women and give equal rights irrespective of gender. The marketer‘s started portraying women as a strong self-sufficient. Research design adopted in this study is empirical and it depends upon primary data. A sample of 100 consumers is chosen for the study. This article investigates how the attitude towards advertising in general and changes in gender portrayals in advertising in the modern era and how it explores the awareness among young consumers.