In conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure on agroecosystems, it is important to develop methods for early diagnosis of crop resistance to abiotic stresses. As biochemical markers of stress resistance, it is promising to use phenolic compounds (PС) involved in the neutralization of reactive oxygen species, regulation of redox processes, and formation of barrier functions of cell walls. This study aimed is to validate the spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of PС with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in alcoholic and alkaline extracts from barley (Hordeum vulgare L., variety "Belgorodskiy100") and oat (Avena sativa L., variety "Arhan") sprouts for the objective screening of their stress-resistant genotypes. Phenolic compounds were extracted from the sprouts using 70% ethanol and 2N NaOH solution, followed by neutralization with 3M HCl. Analysis was performed using a PE5300VI spectrophotometer (λ = 765 nm). Gallic acid was used as the standard. The method was validated according to the linearity and repeatability criteria. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.99; RSD – 1.5–4% for alcoholic extracts and 2.1–3.2% for alkaline extracts. The analysis yielded comparable values of total PC content in barley (17.64 ± 0.39 mg/g) and oat (16.9 ± 0.6 mg/g) sprouts using alkaline extraction; a significant difference in the yield of free PC fraction from the total PC content in sprouts using ethanol extraction was revealed (35% for barley, 14% for oats). The spectrophotometric determination of PC content using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent allowed for comparable and stable results to be obtained using ethanol and an alkaline solution as extractants for PC from barley and oat sprouts. The validity of the method in terms of linearity and repeatability, as well as its suitability for screening stress-resistant genotypes based on the accumulation level of free and total PC in sprouts, was proven.

Aluminum is a common chemical element, and low-dose subchronic exposure can cause latent metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of long-term oral administration of aluminum hydroxide on metal accumulation and mineral homeostasis in rat liver. The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats that were administered an aqueous suspension of Al(OH)₃ at doses of 0.015, 0.15, and 1.5 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. The contents of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and iron in the liver were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Aluminum accumulation in the liver was found to be nonlinear: the maximum concentration was detected at the minimum dose, whereas it increased with increasing dose. Exposure to aluminum hydroxide was accompanied by pronounced disturbances in mineral homeostasis, as evidenced by changes in calcium content, a decrease in magnesium concentration, and a dose-dependent decrease in iron level. The obtained data indicate the ability of aluminum hydroxide to cause significant disturbances in elemental metabolism in the liver even at low levels of subchronic exposure, emphasizing the need for further study of the mechanisms of its toxic action and assessment of potential health risks.

This study conducted a comparative analysis of the effects of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and its structural analogue—the pharmaceutical drug ibuprofen (IBU)—on key physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under both optimal conditions and salt stress (100 mM NaCl). Growth traits (seed germination energy, seedling length, and biomass), photosynthetic pigment content, water status, and proline accumulation level were evaluated. The results showed that SA and IBU exerted a similar positive effect on seed germination energy, seedling length and biomass under normal and stress conditions. Growth stimulation was positively correlated with the improvement of the photosynthetic system state under the influence of SA and IBU, which was expressed in an increase in total pigment content. Both compounds similarly supported water homeostasis in plants under optimal and stressful conditions. Simultaneously, a key difference was revealed in the modulation of the biochemical response to salinity: SA was more effective in reducing stress-induced proline accumulation. This result indicates that the investigated compounds likely involve different signaling cascades in regulating plant stress adaptation. Thus, the obtained data indicate the need for further research to identify the components of the signaling pathways mediating IBU-induced reactions.

The article substantiates the application of a landscape-production approach for land typification using the example of the Buisko-Tanypsky small-hilly interfluve. This study aimed to identify stable typological units that are optimal for agricultural planning. The methodology is based on a combined analysis of key landscape components, including geomorphological characteristics (terrain slope), soil properties, and the degree of degradation processes. The study revealed six distinct land types, each with its own characteristic soil-geomorphological complex and degree of erosion. Based on the typification, recommendations are made for the differentiated agricultural use of territories, ranging from preservation as natural pastures to intensive cultivation of all zoned crops. The landscape-production approach allows for not only the assessment of agro-potential, but also to minimize the risks of further degradation.

The study focuses on identifying predictors of carbon accumulation in ecosystems of the Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae class in the broadleaf forests of the Republic of Tatarstan. The research object comprises 10 sample plots for which a set of phytosociological relevés, forest inventory measurements, and biomass assessments across the main community pools (tree stand, understory, deadwood, herb layer, litter, soil) was carried out. Indices of functional diversity (CWM, FDvar) were calculated for key functional traits, including leaf area and mass, specific leaf area, wood density, and plant height. To identify significant predictors, principal component analysis, correlation analysis, and linear regression were applied. The results show that carbon stocks in the studied phytocoenoses range from approximately 190 to 335 t C/ha, with a mean of about 270–300 t C/ha, and 76–86% of the carbon stored in the tree stand. Statistical analysis revealed that the most important predictor of carbon storage capacity is the community-weighted mean of specific leaf area (CWM_SLA), which explains more than 80% of the variation in carbon stocks. Based on regression modelling, the total carbon pool in the region’s broadleaf linden forests was estimated at about 35 Mt, and their annual carbon sequestration potential at around 210 thousand t/year, confirming the effectiveness of using plant functional traits for carbon balance monitoring and for planning low-carbon development strategies.

Analysis of the plasma membrane and tonoplast lipid profiles after exposure to various abiotic stresses (hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic, and oxidative) revealed specific and nonspecific changes in the major lipid class content. The majority of membrane lipid reactions observed in the studied stresses were specific and varied significantly depending on the stress factor. Nonspecific processes occurring in plant cells include similar responses to various stressors. Changes in the plasma membrane and tonoplast lipid composition under different types of stress exhibited significant distinctive features. Nonspecific changes were significantly predominant among glycoglycerolipids and sterols. Specific changes were predominant among phospholipids and fatty acids. Comparison of changes in lipid content between the boundary membranes of plant cells revealed a significant predominance of specific changes among tonoplast lipids compared to the plasma membrane under all studied stress conditions. This suggests significantly greater variability in changes in tonoplast membrane lipids and a more significant influence on plant cell defense mechanisms.

In recent years, the use of ecological technologies, including growth regulators, has become relevant in reducing the negative impact of the agro-industrial complex on the planet in the context of the development of ecological farming. This scientific article presents the effect of growth regulators on the productivity and morphometric indicators of Jerusalem artichoke, a crop with various applications. On average, in 2023-2025, a comprehensive assessment revealed the maximum value of plant height and photosynthetic surface area for the studied Jerusalem artichoke varieties when using the Epin Extra preparation — 54.1–54.9 thousand m2/ha. When the Zircon growth regulator was used, Skorospelka variety’s green mass yield reached 23.5 t/ha, and the dry yield reached 5.15 t/ha. The highest yield of green mass (26.0 t/ha) was noted when the Sunny variety was grown and processed with Epin Extra, and the maximum value of dry mass was revealed when using the Zircon preparation — 5.80 t/ha. The highest yield was observed in the Skorospelka variety with the use of the growth regulator Amulet — 29.2 t/ha, and in the Sunny variety with the preparation Zircon – 28.5 t/ha. The Sunny variety exceeded the control by 7.4% in terms of protein content when treated with Epin Extra. The use of growth regulators also had a positive effect on the fractional composition of Jerusalem artichoke tubers.

Morphogenesis in callus cultures in vitro is of great interest from the standpoint of studying the developmental biology of the intact plants, as well as the application of the data obtained in optimizing biotechnological protocols for obtaining full-fledged regenerants of economically valuable plants. In vitro morphogenesis pathways such as organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis lead to the realization of the regenerative potential of competent cells/groups of callus cells. During studying these pathways, it is important to use the histological approach, which involves studying the structure of developing organs and organisms in their interaction and interrelationships. The review article provides an analysis of literature and proprietary data on the study of histological features of morphogenesis in calluses in vitro. It is suggested that structural characteristics are the main methodological basis for assessing the implementation of morphogenetic scenarios in calluses in vitro for biotechnological purposes.

Rock dumps of coal mines have forest regeneration and environmental capacity properties, which are dependent on recultivation technology and technogenic soil properties. The main criteria of biological indicators of woody vegetation were obtained using traditional forestry methods: seed germination, seedling planting technology, forest stand composition and growth, root structure, young growth care period, period of care of young growth, and biotopic classification. Seed availability, germination, and subsequent growth are dependent on the presence of natural overgrowing dumps. Most zonal species of trees and shrubs can colonize and grow on coal mine dumps. The mineralization of the dumps surface without a fertile soil layer, the looseness of the upper horizon of lithostratum and the low nutrient content (nitrogen) promote the growth and subsequent formation of birch, pine and sea buckthorn plantations. Natural and artificial reforestation are the most cost-effective and efficient biological reclamation methods. Analysis of artificial reforestation shows the probability of targeted cultivation of various tree species. The use of various tree and shrub species allows the creation biologically diverse intrazonal technogenic ecosystems with high recreational and economic productivity. The zoogenic factor, especially the zoo chore distribution of berry plants, plays an essential role in the forest formation. Based on the results forest formation analysis at rock dumps, the mosaic (cellular bumpy) technology of mountain recultivation was developed. It will significantly improve the capacity, biological diversity, and productivity of overgrowing dumps.

Climate change can significantly affect the distribution of rare and endemic plant species. The aim of this study was to assess the potential ranges of four rare species of the genus Oxytropis (O. approximata, O. gmelinii, O. hippolyti, and O. kungurensis). Species distribution modeling was performed using MaxEnt with climatic predictors from CHELSA Bioclim and soil variables from the global SoilGrids database. The most influential predictors across all models include isothermality, temperature seasonality, elevation, slope steepness, and mean annual temperature, reflecting climatic continentality and mountainous terrain. Precipitation during the driest periods and soil properties indicate species affinity to dry slopes and nutrient-poor, often carbonate, soils. Among these endemic species, O. hippolyti and O. kungurensis exhibit the largest potential ranges. Highly and moderately suitable habitats for O. hippolyti are mainly confined to the Bugulma–Belebey Upland. Suitable habitats for O. kungurensis are concentrated on the eastern macroslope of the Southern Urals within the Republic of Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk Region, with isolated areas in Sverdlovsk Region and Perm Krai. The potential ranges of O. approximata and O. gmelinii are restricted to the Southern Urals.