This research aims to provide the blueprint of how South Korea both state actors and nonstate actors involved in South Korea’s Gastrodiplomacy. This research will provide the details of South Korea government implementation of “Kimchi Diplomacy” in the world and the increases of South Korean Kimchi export. This research uses literature studies to collect all the information and data needed to answer Gastrodiplomacy impact on the South Korean economy. Gastrodiplomacy is a form of South Korea's soft power in promoting culinary culture, especially Kimchi. South Korea's strategy in introducing the world to their Kimchi commodity tends to be carried by people to people. In addition, Gastrodiplomacy is used by the South Korean government as a national branding to the world. This strategy has succeeded in improving the country's economic situation, especially the increase in exports of South Korean Kimchi commodities. South Korea's Kimchi exports have increased since 2011 and reached a tipping point to 144.51 million USD in 2020. This study indicates a relationship between South Korea's Gastrodiplomacy strategy and the improvement of the Kimchi commodity economy.

This study will analyze the dialectical interaction between the global South and North in redefining intellectual property (IP) norms in the digital era, specifically by situating them in norm contestation. The focus of research will be on Brazil and India on the one hand, while the United States and Japan on the other hand. These countries are chosen based on their significance in challenging and defending existing IP norms in various international fora, namely Joint Initiative on E-Commerce and G20. Drawing on constructivist theory, the study applies the concept of norm entrepreneurs and antipreneurs which are helpful in mapping out the different positions and strategies of these countries. The study will probe how Brazil and India, as norm entrepreneurs pursue a more flexible IP norm, while those of the antipreneurs, the U.S and Japan, seek more protective IP norms. Despite the uncertainties, these contestations provide opportunities for the global South to restructure the normative architecture of the intellectual property, though with limited success.

This study explores the university students’ awareness of the Circular Economy (CE) through the identification of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors (KAB). A quantitative method is applied by adopting the SDG survey questionnaire of Cifuentes-Faura that was developed using the 5Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Refurbish, Repair and Recycle) of the CE concept to measure the students’ KAB towards CE. A total of 110 students studying economics-related courses from two Indonesian universities participated in the survey and the statistical program SPSS 20.0 was used for data analysis. The study found that the students’ awareness of the circular economy is higher in terms of knowledge (85.5%) than attitude (55.5%) and behavior (68.2%). In a way, the results of attitude and behavior show that students tend to buy new things instead of reusing/renting or repairing them. The female students' knowledge of CE is higher than male students, whereas their attitude and behaviour show similar results. Additionally, there is a correlation between knowledge and attitude, attitude and behavior, and knowledge and behavior, which means that the variables influence each other.

This study was conducted to explain, first, the form of governance and upgrading between two coffee companies, namely Kopi Kenangan and Starbucks. Second, it would explain in detail the components of Starbucks governance that could be applied to Kopi Kenangan considering that Kopi Kenangan had a fairly high coffee quality but still requires development in terms of governance. This study uses the theory of governance and upgrading and the research method used is in-depth interviews and narrative review to explain and analyse the governance and upgrading of Kopi Kenangan and Starbucks. Based on the research, results showed that Starbucks Coffee had reached the world market, this was due to Starbucks governance which had undergone a commodification process. Starbucks was not only able to create a value chain in coffee-based beverages but could also reach the level of sustainability standards. Starbucks had good governance externally and internally. While Kopi Kenangan was a coffee company with distinctive coffee standards and must be able to compete with market standardization in the current era of globalization. Thus, Kopi Kenangan must be able to have governance like Starbucks which had a chain and high standards. In the context of upgrading analysis, the two coffee companies tended to have the same upgrading.

Kapal Api Group as the lead firm of the coffee industry in Indonesia has become one of the main players in the global value chain. This achievement cannot be separated from the upgrading strategy implemented by Kapal Api from upstream to downstream. This research examines the global value chain of PT Kapal Api Global by analyzing the upgrading strategy that focuses on functional upgrading and intersectoral upgrading. Besides that, this research also further reviews how the company synergizes with government and non-governmental actors, as well as explores the implementation of domestic and international norms at PT Kapal Api Global. Through all the information and data obtained, the authors also provide four upgrading solutions or recommendations that can be implemented by PT Kapal Api Global in the future, such as product innovation and expansion, involvement of cultural elements, marketing strategies abroad, and cooperation with non-governmental organizations.

Batik is an Indonesian cultural heritage that has been recognized by The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In addition to cultural heritage, many Indonesian people live through Batik crafts. Batik Keris is one of the Lead Firms in the Batik industries in Surakarta, even in Indonesia, where it plays an important role in the Batik industry and also in preserving Batik itself. This study examines the global value chain of PT. Batik Keris and their role as Lead Firm in the Batik industry and their relationship with the Surakarta City Government program. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method by applying the Global Value Chain Concept introduced by Gerry Gereffi (2016). Meanwhile, the data was obtained through interviews with related sources and literature studies. The results show that Batik Keris has implemented an upgrade strategy ranging from design, use of technology, to carry out various activities such as fashion shows and Batik Carnival.
 Keywords: Batik Industry, Batik Keris, Global Value Chain, Local Economic Development

Even though the EU may lack sufficient coercive economic and military power, it is considered to be one of the "regulatory powers" of the world with the capacity to export its laws and regulations outside its frontier. However, this exercise of regulatory power has resulted in conflicts with other nations around the world as it could directly affect other nations' trade, most notably Indonesia's palm oil exports to the EU. This study examines the effect of the EU's regulatory powers (i.e., the 'Brussels effect') on Indonesia's palm oil export to the EU. This study uses a comparative and descriptive approach by comparing Indonesia's palm oil exports to the EU and charting the amount and dollar value of palm oil exports from Indonesia to the EU from the year 2013 until 2019. This article finds that the Brussels effect has reduced 42% of Indonesian palm oil exports to the EU in 2016, compared to the previous year. In spite of this, the total volume of Indonesia's palm oil export remains relatively unaffected, although the dollar value has not yet recovered due to the fluctuating nature of crude palm oil prices.

Local Economic Development (LED) is the foundation for maintaining the national economic cycle and supporting local financial independence. In addition to its tourism sector, Bali has potential in the cocoa industry. In 2009, Bali had 12,850 hectares of cocoa land. Balinese cocoa is also famous for its taste and fermentation quality. Unfortunately, the cocoa industry still has several challenges, such as cocoa farmers being comfortable with the value chain formed by the world's largest cocoa companies, Indonesian cocoa's renowned mixed and low-quality cocoa; access to buyers; different prices between farmers, wholesaler, and lead firms; productivity consistency and quality in the upstream sector; and climate change. This research will examine the cocoa industry in Bali using the Hexagon Model for LED and also analyze the upstream-downstream process of the Balinese cocoa industry. The objective of this article is to examine how the Hexagon model for LED in the Balinese cocoa industry can further activate local economic activities and form a resilient and sustainable local economy. The local government has established regulations for the protection of cocoa farmers in collaboration with Kalimajari and Udayana University, however, optimization in implementing the regulations still need to be done, especially in the government sector

Used Cooking Oil (UCO) has become an inherent lifestyle of Indonesian people as frying is the main cooking method. As UCO ways of disposal have not been properly managed, the question on how UCO should be managed contributes to the adaptability of circular economy strategies moving away from throw-away culture. This study adopts desk research methods collecting relevant information from articles, journals, and books. Utilizing six dimensions – governmental, economic, environmental, technological, societal, and behavioural – of CE research for built-in environment and its conceptual limitations, this study finds that the absence of UCO governance networks contributes to the establishment of UCO collection initiatives from private sectors and community-based programs. The adoption of CE in terms of its definition and conceptual frameworks are accentuated with varying levels of emphasis on waste separation and collection systems. This study also argues that the dimensions of CE and its limitations in terms of governance and management, and social and cultural definitions are strictly attributed to incentivized UCO collection models while business sectors tend to foster limited energy recovery of UCO.

The significant implication of circular economy in China is the creation of eco friendly industry. Basically, circular economy can create jobs through waste management. The character of waste management in this industry is divided into three sectors, namely primary, secondary and tertiary. Job creation in the three sectors has different characters. At the primary industry a circular economy can create jobs in processing in agricultural and livestock waste. At the secondary level, the circular economy provides new jobs through the manufacturing waste processing industry. At the tertiary level, the circular economy provides employment through the provision of eco friendly building or factory design services. The work opportunities and the chance to work in circular economy sector will inevitably be followed by some challenges. Thus, the aim of the research to see how the Chinese government through the implementation of circular economy is able to create new jobs. The research found that the circular economy in china not only opens up new jobs because it opens up to waste processing industry but also has the potential to create new complex jobs, bringing together upstream and downstream industries in one area (regional jobs creation). In the future, the implementation of circular economy will create significant jobs opportunities in the secondary industry.