Visual impairment negatively affects the quality of life of people and it is an important parameter of the outcome of treatment of patients diagnosed with cataracts, glaucoma, strabismus or injuries. The goal of the research was to assess the psychological aspects of the quality of life of patients with the above-mentioned diagnoses.The research included 99 patients of both sexes, who, after surgery at the Clinic for Eye Diseases Tuzla, were monitored on an outpatient basis in the Clinic's Specialist Outpatient Clinic. For the purposes of the research, the Vision Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25), version 2000, was used.The age of the respondents ranged from 5 to 78 years. The majority of respondents were men 50 (50.50%). The average chronological age of male respondents is 47.50±21.56 years, and female respondents 50.12±20.85. In the total sample, 45.5% of respondents have cataracts, 29.3% glaucoma, 11.1% strabismus and 14.1% have an eye injury. Of these 99 respondents, 47.5% consider their health to be average, 44.4% consider it to be above average, while 8.1% of respondents consider it to be below average. A higher percentage of male respondents have glaucoma (38%) and injuries/trauma (20%) compared to female respondents. A higher percentage of female respondents (55.1%) state that their quality of life is above average, while the percentage of male respondents is 34%. The quality of life is average for 56% of male respondents and 38.8% of female respondents. The results of the chi-square test showed that there is no statistically significant difference in relation to the gender and quality of life of the respondents (χ2= 4.48; df= 2; p= 0.106). The results of the univariate analysis of variance in relation to the cause of visual impairment, and the vision problems experienced by the subjects showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the subjects in relation to the cause of visual impairment. In relation to the overall results of vision problems, it may be concluded that subjects with cataracts and glaucoma at the statistical significance level of 0.05 state that they have more vision problems compared to subjects with strabismus and injury. Subjects with cataracts at the significance level of 0.05 state that they have more vision problems compared to subjects with glaucoma.Although the self-assessment of the psychological and spiritual components of the quality of life of the subjects gave satisfactory results, it is necessary to provide specific support in order to prevent and eliminate negative reactions to the postoperative condition of operated patients. Keywords: quality of life (QoL), NEI VFQ-25 questionnaire, visual impairment.

The ability to infer internal mental states through the behavior is related to the understanding of implicit language statements in interactive situations where the speaker’s intention is public.This study looked at that relationship by answering whether this association persists during aging and after Alzheimer’s. Apply some of the terms of the Theory of mind (Toma) battery and the Oral Language (OLTA) battery designed for the adult. A group of5 individuals with Alzheimer's disease during the middle stage. The results found that the impact relationship is not limited to the group of individuals below the age of maturity, but continues into old age. it would explain the nature of language and cognitive disorders in understanding metaphors such as folk proverbs and the attribution of mental states either through behavior or through language in intermediate Alzheimer’s patients. Keywords:Cognitive side, theory of mind, understanding, oral language, Alzheimer's.

This work aims to examine the factor validity and sensitivity of the Scale for assessment of attitudes towards sport's inclusion of children and youth with intellectual disabilities. The study included 155 respondents from the general population over 18 years of age from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The working version of the Scale contained 29 items, and after content validity, the final version had 34 items. The items were subjected to the calculation of the internal consistency coefficient of Cronbach's alpha, as well as reliability assessment by calculating the inter-item statistics. Four rounds of factor analysis were conducted, and the three-factor model was retained, explaining 50.43% of the total variance. The set of 34 items reduced to 21 based on the obtained results. The internal reliability coefficient of = 0.90 indicates that the Scale has excellent reliability and internal agreement. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS = 0,058, df = 155, p = 0,200) show that the obtained distribution of the Scale does not deviate statistically significantly from the normal distribution. Results indicate that the Scale can be used in future research on the general population's attitudes towards the sport's inclusion of children and youth with intellectual disabilities.Key words: attitudes, sports inclusion, reliability, sensitivity, exploratory factor analysis.

The aim of this research was to examine incidences of undesirable behavior patterns in children with visual impairment in relation to educational conditions. The sample consisted of two groups of visually impaired children: blind children (N=19), visually impaired children (N=44), selected from the population of visually impaired children from the first to eighth grades in regular elementary schools in the Tuzla Canton, and the population of blind and visually impaired children in special education boarding schools, also from the first to eighth grades in Centers for Blind and Visually Impaired Children and Youth in Nedžarići, Sarajevo, and the Center "Budućnost" in Derventa. The variables were divided into two groups: independent variables and variables for assessing the incidence of undesirable behavior patterns. The obtained results were processed using descriptive analysis and analysis of variance. By analyzing the results on variables assessing the incidence of undesirable behavior patterns, we can conclude that there is a statistically significant difference in the incidence of undesirable behavior patterns between the two examined groups, among children with visual impairment who are educated in special education boarding schools and regular schools, specifically in the variables of unacceptable speech habits and psychological disorders. These undesirable behavior patterns are more prevalent in children attending regular schools compared to those in special education boarding schools, which can be attributed to inadequate acceptance by the social environment and a lack of adequate rehabilitation treatment. Keywords: blind children, visually impaired children, undesirable behavior patterns, educational conditions.

The aim of the study was to determine the difference in interpersonal trust and group affiliation among children without parental care in relation to age. The study included a convenience sample of 122 participants of both genders, who were accommodated inthe Children's SOS Village Gračanica (Dječije SOS selo Gračanica), Village of Peace Turija (Selo mira Turija), and the Home for Children without Parental Care in Tuzla (Dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja u Tuzli). In order to verify the set research goal, the Group Affiliation Scale and the Interpersonal Trust Scale were utilized. Univariate analysis of variance was applied to determine the difference in interpersonal trust and group affiliation among children without parental care in relation to age. The obtained data were processed using the statistical package SPSS 20 for Windows. Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant difference in the assessment of interpersonal trust and group affiliation among childrenwithout parental care in relation to age.Keywords: children without parental care, children’s age, interpersonal trust, group affiliation.

A stroke occurs due to a disruption in brain circulation, leading to partial or complete loss of motor, sensory, perceptual, or cognitive abilities. This can result in disability and reduced rehabilitation potential. Therefore, the approach to working with individuals who have experienced a stroke is crucial, adapting to their individual needs in a holistic manner. In this context, the aim of this study was to present a comprehensive rehabilitation approach for an 88-year-old patient following a stroke through the implementation of educational-rehabilitation treatment, achieving gradual improvements in the recovery process. Tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination, Motor Evaluation Scalefor Upper Extremity in Stroke patients, The Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living, Aphasic Depression Rating Scale, and The Modified Rankin Scale were applied to assess the set goal. The educational-rehabilitation treatment was conducted daily for 45 minutes, for two months within clinical rehabilitation and nine months in home conditions. The treatment was based on the principles of brain neuroplasticity and motor learning, involving cognitive training, motor training, adaptive skills training, relaxation, education and counseling, motivational training, and the promotion of metacognitive abilities. The research data underwent analysis through descriptive statistics, and the findings were visually illustrated in graphical representations. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that there is noticeable functional progress in the patient across all evaluated areas.Keywords:stroke, rehabilitation, educational-rehabilitation treatment

The development of science and technology as a digital world provides opportunities and challenges, one of which is the moral crisis for the younger generation, especially students who are agents of change, which means changing from bad things to good. This, of course, cannot be separated from the role and contribution of lecturers in instilling character in their students. So the purpose of this study is to describe the Contribution of Lecturers in Improving Student Ethics and Morals in the Digital Age According to an Axiological Perspective. The method used was a literature review, while the data was collected using careful observation techniques and then the contents were analyzed and finally concluded. The results of the study show that the Contribution of Lecturers in Improving Student Ethics and Morale in the Digital Age According to an Axiological Perspective includes instilling ethical and moral values, providing good examples and role models, implementing an integrated curriculum, wise use of technology, providing opportunities for discussion and reflection, providing feedback behind that builds, becomes a place for stories for students, and finally supports social activities.Keywords: Axiology, Ethics, Morals, Lecturers, Students

Visual impairment can occur in different periods of life, and each person reacts differently in a way that corresponds to their personality, abilities, goals, as well as the life situation in which they find themselves. The aim of this research paper was to show, according to the available literature, the impact of individual educational-rehabilitation treatment on visual perception in students with visual impairment. The sample of respondents included a student, male, aged 9 years, diagnosed with nystagmus, amblyopia, and astigmatism. The student was included in an educational-rehabilitation program in order to improve his visual functioning. For the purpose of assessment and evaluation, the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) fifth edition was used, which is intended for the assessment of visual-motor integration, visual perception, and motor coordination. An initial and final assessment was conducted with the student, and the Visual Perception subtest, consisting of 30 tasks, was used for the same. After the initial assessment, an individual educational-rehabilitation treatment was carried out for 2 months. The research data were processed by frequency analysis. On the basis of statistical processing and data analysis, the results showed an improvement in the area of visual perception, thereby confirming the need to implement an educational-rehabilitation program for a student with visual impairment.Keywords: visual perception,visual impairment, individual educational-rehabilitation program.

The aim of this study was to analyze various environmental factors influencing dyslexia to enhance our understanding of its risk factors, including the exposure of mothers of dyslexic children to potential negative developmental influences, perinatal and postnatal developmental characteristics of dyslexic children, genetic predisposition, socioeconomic status, and reading exposure in dyslexic children.Mothers of both dyslexic and non-dyslexic children took part in the study. The home literacy environment and the development of motor skills emerge as significant risk indicators for dyslexia. These findings hold profound implications for public health, emphasizing the critical importance of early childhood in providing children with the best possible educational opportunities.Key words:risk factors, dyslexia, child development, developmental influences, home literacy environment

The research was carried out with the aim of identifying the impact of demographic factors on the expression of communication skills of 4-5-year-old children in Montenegro. The influence of several factors that can affect the speech development (gender, educational level of mother and father, birth order, length of stay in kindergarten and the age subgroup within the same year) has been examined. This is a transverse study. From the overall, four-part model of the Gunzberg II test, we highlighted items related to communication in the order of age 4 and 5. Items were observed in relation to development standards and in relation to the Curriculum in preschool institutions. The sample is consisted of 639 children from 17 kindergartens. The results of the research suggest that the participants of this research do not have enough developed communication skills in accordance with the standards for appropriate ages. The variables we tested as independent did not show a constant impact on the appearance of differences in some tasks. In order to improve childrenʼs communication development, it would be necessary to: a. redesign the curriculum, b. develop programs of systematic parent training; and c. reduce the number of children in one educational group.Keywords: communicative skills; curriculum; differences among children; Gunzberg II test; preschool child.