Normal functioning of Gastric epithelial cells needs continuous check over multiple signaling pathways. Dysrhythmic behavior of any of the pathways at any of the steps can lead to unleashing of devastating effects. Tracking these abnormal steps can be a way forward for controlling the aggressiveness of these cells. Here in this review we have summed up various studies in order to link different hierarchies of the key pathway leading to gastric cancer. Out of all, JAK/STAT pathway is considered to be a master regulator for cell signaling. Abnormal functioning of JAK/STAT pathway at any of the steps ranging from inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori to its negative regulator SOCS-1 can bring about the devastating nature of this pathway which ultimately leads Gastric Carcinoma. However in this review we have tried to track different steps of this pathway to find out the possible means of impeding the aggressiveness caused due to any abnormality.

We report here a novel treatment for patients with Covid-19, stages I to IIIA of infection. The combination of Nitazoxanide, Hydroxicloroquine and Zinc effectively eliminated the SARSCov2 virus after 10 days of treatment in 165 of the 172 patients studied, as determined by RT-PCR and antigen in nasal swabs. This triplet of medicines along with Deflazacort and Ribaroxaban successfully treated patients in stages IIB to IIIA of the infection .The treatment described here is readily available, inexpensive and should prove useful to control dissemination and spread of the virus by symptomatic and asymptomatic persons as well as to decrease the mortality.

Sodium cyclamate and saccharin mixture is a common artificial sweetener used as a food additive and it was found to be accompanied with increase relevance of inflammation including IBD. The causes of IBD are unknown, but many immune, genetic and environmental factors play a role as causative agents of that disease. The consumption of artificial sweeteners was related to the appearance of inflammation including IBD. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium cyclamate and saccharin mixture as artificial sweeteners on immune system in albino mice through assessment of IL-10 cytokine and its receptor. Fifty male albino mice grouped into control group (n=20) receive only tap water and treated groups (n=30) received 60 mg/kg body weight sodium cyclamate and saccharin mixture in tab water for 12 weeks. Mice were sacrificed twice at the 6th and the 12th weeks. Collected blood measured low concentration of IL-10 cytokine by the sandwich ELISA. While, expression levels of IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 were assessed in colorectal tissue samples using Real time PCR. The results demonstrate significantly overexpression of IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 at 6th week than 12th week treated mice was recorded. Also, more congestion of RBCs, focal aggregation, focal necrosis, and focal infiltrations between glands in the lamina propria at 12th week treated group than 6th week treated group were observed. In conclusion, sodium cyclamate and saccharin mixture induced inflammation that may be risk for IBD by alteration in gene expressions of IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 in male albino mice.

Around the world deaths are behaving in a unique way which was previously thought to be impossible, namely, they are showing on/off switching. In switch-on they suddenly jump to a new higher level, stay high for around 12- months, and then switch-off back to the baseline trajectory. This behaviour originates at small (neighbourhood) area level and aggregates to give regional and national events whose magnitude depends on the degree of small-area synchrony. This mini-review explores the possibility that the common immune-modifying virus cytomegalovirus may be involved in these events

Background: The application of network analysis in public health research is gaining popularity with the belief that health problems are a product of complex social, political and economic causes. Organisational networks can be used in public health to design and evaluate public health programs. There have been multiple studies in the past relating to public health organisations and HIV/AIDS using organisational networking method. Here we use social network analysis to analyse the association between the network positions of health care facilities and the treatment outcome of Ebola patients from these health care facilities in Sierra Leone. Methods: We extracted and later analysed treatment outcome data obtained from the Case Report Forms (CRF) of 117 Ebola patients who sought Ebola treatment at the Kenema Government Hospital from June 2014 to April 2015. For ego network purpose, we considered each Ebola referral health care facility as an ego. Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the association between Ebola mortality rates in a health care facility and the ego’s structural holes. Results: The median age, length of stay during Ebola treatment, and the period it takes an Ebola patient to survive treatment following from onset of signs and symptoms were 20 (IQR=17.5 years), 15 (IQR=11 days) and 7 (IQR=5.3 days) respectively. There were differences in ego, network efficiency, effective size and constraint for the factors associated with mortality rates for Ebola patients treated at the Kenema Government Hospital. Conclusion: Establishing non-redundant contacts within a health care facility network and expanding their locations can reduce Ebola mortality rates during outbreak.

Objective: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic disease characterized by hyper-proliferation of antibody secreting B-cells. One of the most severe accompanying symptoms in MM is the destruction of bone tissue. Thus, the use of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) for MM treatment seems to be a good option since these proteins are capable to induce formation of bone tissue in vivo and additionally can suppress cell proliferation of malignant Bcells. But, the different BMP family members vary in their biological activities also in terms of donor specific differences of addressed cells. In this study we analyzed signal transduction of two different TGFβ family members, BMP2 and GDF5, in different MM cell lines.Methods: Ten MM cell lines were stimulated either with BMP2 or GDF5 and cell proliferation was analyzed by WST-1 assays. Receptor expression levels were determined by qRT-PCR for relevant BMP receptors. SMAD-1/5/8 phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blot and correlated to the expression levels of inhibitory (i)-SMADs, SMAD-6 and SMAD-7 proteins, respectively.Results: Only three out of ten investigated cell lines were BMP2 responsive, one of which was additionally sensitive to GDF5. Depending on the expression of the required receptors the different cell lines could be divided into three subgroups. The first group expressed all receptor chains which are crucial for proper signal transduction and was ligand sensitive, the second also expressed the required receptors, but appeared ligand-resistant. The third subgroup instead missed at least one or more essential receptor rendering these cells also resistant to ligand exposure. Western blot analyses addressing phosphorylated SMAD-1/5/8 proteins revealed that the second group showed no or at least extremely reduced levels of SMAD-1/5/8 phosphorylation levels upon ligand exposure. Furthermore, Western blot analyses also showed that non-responsive cells expressed the inhibitory SMAD-7 protein at high levels prior to ligand stimulation. In contrast, the BMP2 responsive cells did not express SMAD-7 but instead expressed SMAD-6 at high levels prior to ligand stimulation.Conclusion: Aside of the expression of essential receptors, further factors are decisive for proper BMP signal transduction in MM cells such as the individual expression levels of SMAD-6 and SMAD-7 in unstimulated cells. The conspicuous opposing basal expression levels of either SMAD-6 or SMAD-7 might be used as prediction whether a particular MM cell line appears ligand-responsive or ligand-resistant.

Vitiligo is considered to be the most commonly acquired hypomelanosis. In this study, we investigated some of the issues with regards to Vitiligo and its association with autoimmune thyroiditis. In this case-control study, thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in 130 patients with vitiligo and in 99 healthy volunteers. Also, we compared the frequency of thyroid autoantibodies (anti-Tg, thyroid peroxidase antibody, and anti-TPO) in the same groups. Results: Showed that thyroid functional abnormalities were found in 6 (18.18%) patients. Anti-Tg and anti-TPO were positive in 115 (88.5%) patients respectively. In the control group, only nine subjects (9.1%) had abnormalities in thyroid hormonal condition, and two subjects had positive thyroid autoantibodies compared with the control group, and the frequency of both anti-Tg and anti-TPO was significantly higher in those with vitiligo. Conclusion: This study showed a significant association between vitiligo and thyroid autoimmunity and the tests to detect thyroid autoantibodies that are appropriate in patients with vitiligo.

Among the clinical forms of leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis is the most debilitating clinical form because it compromises mainly liver and spleen in the host. The immune response against the parasite and immune factors relating to protection or susceptibility are not well established. Experimental models and natural infection in dogs also have different patterns to human disease. In the scientific community, many groups are developing different strategies to find an effective vaccine that could be used in dogs, and/or human in the future, with success. The vaccine to leishmaniasis, together with other sanitary strategies, could decrease the infection rates in endemic countries. Here, it is presented a review of the last studies focusing in a vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis.

Multiple Endocrine neoplasia type 1 is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder consisting of tumors of the parathyroid, pancreatic islets, and anterior pituitary. The incidence of insulinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia is relatively uncommon. However, insulinoma is the most common cause of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. We report a case of a 38-year-old female who presented to the emergency department because of frequent attacks of hypoglycemia in the form of diaphoresis, loss of consciousness, and tonic-clonic seizures. Parathyroidectomy was performed for her when she was 10 years old. After the biochemical and radiological investigation, she has been diagnosed with Multiple Endocrine neoplasia type 1 due to the presence of insulinoma, parathyroid adenoma, and a pituitary microdenoma. Insulinoma is a rare condition, however it should be encountered in the differential diagnosis of any young individual presenting with frequent hypoglycemic symptoms.