Abstract We use newly linked tax records to show that the large responses of UK company owner-managers to personal taxes are due to intertemporal income shifting and not to reductions in real business activity. Around half of this shifting is short-term and helps prevent volatile incomes being taxed more heavily under progressive personal taxes. The remainder reflects systemic profit retention over long periods to take advantage of lower tax rates, including preferential treatment of capital gains. We find no evidence that this tax-induced retention increases business investment. It does, however, substantially reduce the tax revenue raised from high income business owners.

Abstract This chapter discusses how survey experiments can contribute to knowledge cumulation in political science. It introduces a typology of survey experiments that clarifies how they might fit into general social scientific analyses of causal processes in the social world, and then use “Coleman’s Boat” as a heuristic device for describing the task of knowledge cumulation across macro- and micro-level studies. Survey experimental research can be strengthened by explicitly engaging with the broader theoretical claims and analytical frameworks to which its results might contribute, even under the assumption that survey experimental research is both internally and externally valid.

Abstract Empirical data is essential for studies in historical political economy. The range of data is vast—scholars collect quantitative information from both primary and secondary sources, and the scope of data collection over time and space depends on the research study. Yet this chapter provides an overview of different types of quantitative historical data, commonly used in historical political economy: sociodemographic and population data, government or institutional records, geographic and spatial data, political data, economic data, ethnographic data, and civil society data. Research highlighted in this chapter serves as an introductory overview for scholars wishing to work with historical data.

Abstract Reading the Republic’s critique of rhetoric not as a blanket condemnation of persuasion but as rejecting modes of speech that fail to preserve the distinction between persuasion and force, this chapter establishes the dialog’s interest in discursive practices in which speakers and listeners willingly, actively, and jointly participate in their own persuasion. Treating such practices as exemplifications in life of the grammatical middle voice of Attic Greek and exploring the operations of this kind of persuasion in analogical argumentation, the chapter brings to light the critical role of middle-voice persuasion in the Republic’s understandings of both justice and philosophy.

Abstract Social movements and political parties are often studied in isolation from each other in separate branches of the social sciences, but this divide is artificial and counterproductive. Movements and parties are both collective actors that offer citizens “voice” in the public sphere, and there are numerous points of intersection between them. Indeed, movements and parties can be mutually constitutive, and they reciprocally structure, and sometimes de-structure, mass political representation. The Latin American experience provides numerous examples of this reciprocal structuring, both historically and in the contemporary period. Party systems have often shaped the political opportunity structure for social movements, while mass protest has played a major role in configuring, realigning, and sometimes breaking down party systems. Understanding political representation in the region requires close attention to the interaction between parties and movements and their reciprocal structuring of popular collective subjects.

"Debate: Local public audit—Start from scratch or start from here?." Public Money & Management, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2

Abstract This chapter examines the study of race in historical political economy (HPE) research on the United States. Scholarship in race and HPE is wide-ranging, spanning the fields of political science, economics, history, and sociology, and featuring a diversity of theoretical and empirical methods. The chapter highlights key questions in the race and HPE literature, including democratization, the effects of slavery and segregation (both de jure and de facto), racial exclusion in the welfare state, and coercive state development. The chapter then circumscribes time periods under study: the antebellum, Reconstruction, Jim Crow, New Deal, civil rights, and post-civil rights periods. Finally, the article discusses limitations in the race and HPE literature and lessons that can be drawn from research in American political development and racial capitalism.

This research is about innovation in the field of public services carried out by the City of Probolinggo.This research is important and relevant to be discussed because itThis innovation can solve problems from the aspect of limited funds for sanitation and technology development which are considered complicated andthe introduction of the SIBER-PAM strategy that can guarantee an increase in the quality of services for the community. Thus, the two innovations gave rise to various strategies that offer convenience in the use of public services.And can be an inspiration for other regions in order to overcome the same problem. The population in this study is in areas that have implemented policies orinnovation in the field of public services. While the sample in this study isinnovations carried out by the Probolinggo City government are called Si Inol Aja innovations (Innovation System for Arisan Services / Latrine Installments) and innovationsEasier Access Based on "SIBER-PAM" (Socialization of Information Based on People's Education - Drinking Water Company). The results of this study indicate thatSi Inol Aja has proven to be one of the most effective ways to eradicate open defecation (BABs), namely people have healthy latrines with technological convenience, namely a direct cast system on the spot, having healthy latrines is not difficult and inexpensive, people have a latrine faster healthy without having to wait for help from the government, strengthen participation and community self-reliance, provide new skills for craftsmen who can expand their job opportunities in the surrounding area, and grow a synergistic partnership between the government, the community and the business world to realize better sanitation.Meanwhile, the introduction of the SIBER-PAM strategy can guarantee an increase in the quality of services for the community. The presence of SIBER-PAM can provide education to the public, especially customers of PDAM Kota Probolinggo and the means of socializing the services provided at this time have innovated to become more modern. Thus, through this strategy, conveniences in the use of public services will be offered.

Abstract In light of contemporary technological advancements in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, coupled with significant investment in AI research and development by a range of state actors, scholars have begun considering the impact that this technology will have on international and domestic politics. While scholars express divergent views regarding the consequences of AI proliferation, this technology is likely to have a broad range of applications for international politics, from military and defense to trade and diplomacy. Recognizing the increasingly prominent role of AI in global politics, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the opportunities and risks that the proliferation of AI technology holds for international politics by examining the factors motivating the global pursuit of this technology and evaluating its effects on authoritarianism and liberal democracy, the global balance of power, and warfare. This chapter argues that AI is best understood as an accelerating and enabling force that is less likely to produce drastic, unforeseen transformations in domestic and international politics as it is to accelerate and exacerbate trends that were already underway. As an increasingly critical tool of contemporary governance, AI is going to play a central role in future relations between international actors; it is therefore incumbent upon scholars, states, and the global community more broadly to begin preparing for international politics in the era of AI.