Despite efforts to increase investment in Indigenous health and well-being in the United States, disparities remain. The way in which health-promoting organizations are funded is one key mechanism driving the systemic, long-term health disparities experienced by Indigenous people in the US. Using Indigenous-led community-based organizations (ICBOs) that provide psychosocial care as a case study, we highlight multiple ways in which policies that regulate the external funding that ICBOs depend on must change to promote equity and allow the organizations to flourish and address unmet psychosocial needs for Indigenous community members. We use a system dynamics approach to discuss how "capability traps" arise from a misfit between external funding regulations and organizations' needs for sustainability and effective care provision. We provide suggestions for reforming funding policies that focus on improving ICBO sustainability.

An LC-MS/MS method was developed for determination and confirmation of tilmicosin in bovine, swine, chicken, and turkey tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, and skin/fat) and bovine milk. The method was subjected to single-laboratory validation to establish method performance parameters. Animal tissues and bovine milk were fortified at four concentrations ranging from 0.5 times the lowest maximum residue limit (MRL) or tolerance to 2 times the highest MRL or tolerance considering the Codex and EU MRLs and the US tolerances in the various tissues and milk studied. Incurred tissues were analyzed to verify the precision of the method. The data demonstrated linearity of matrix-matched calibration curves using a weighted (1/×) regression. Recoveries varied from 83.3 to 107.1%. Repeatability precision (RSDr) ranged from 0.465 to 13.4% and intermediate precision (RSDi) ranged from 2.24 to 14.7% in fortified tissue. Repeatability of the method was verified in incurred tissues, ranging from 3.41 to 16.0%. The limits of detection and quantitation of the method are presented and vary by matrix. One confirmatory transition ion was examined across all matrixes and met US and EU criteria for mass spectrometry confirmation. The method was shown to be robust when small changes in method parameters were made, and stability of the analyte in fortified tissues, extracts, standard solutions, and matrix-matched standards was estimated. The data satisfy the requirements of the AOAC Stakeholder Panel for Veterinary Drug Residue Methods for single-laboratory validation studies and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine Guidance for Industry #208 (VICH GL49). The LC-MS/MS method was demonstrated to be suitable for determination and confirmation of tilmicosin residues in bovine, swine, chicken, and turkey tissues and bovine milk based on Codex and EU MRLs and US tolerances.

Regional identity is a well-established concept of economic interest that has been identified as a source of unique quality traits of various agricultural products originating from a specific region. In the context of hops, the exploration of regional identity is still at a very early stage despite an increasing global demand for specialized aroma hops to enable more product diversity, especially in the growing craft beer industry. Thus, we conducted a large-scale investigation characterizing the growing environments of Cascade and Mosaic® hops at 39 field locations throughout two important valleys in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States to identify factors that significantly impact hop characteristics and to better understand how these impact hop regional identity. The Willamette Valley (Oregon) and the Yakima Valley (Washington) have distinctly different soil characteristics, soil chemistry, and climate. In turn, growers in these two regions apply unique agronomic practices in response to these differences. This investigation also revealed significant subregional differences in growing environment within each of these two valleys. Multivariate statistics, correlation, and regression analysis identified a number of environmental and agronomic factors like soil pH, the concentration of zinc, sulfur, and manganese in the soil, and the amount of applied zinc fertilization, which exhibited strong positive or negative correlations with specific hop quality traits depending on the hop variety, primarily in Oregon. This study provides new insights into understanding hop regional identity and represents an important step towards fully utilizing this effect. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Background: Georgia has among the worst rates of COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates in the nation. Many identifying as politically conservative resist public health mitigation measures, similar to populations in other politically conservative geographical areas. There are limited peer-reviewed public health communications designed for this population. We aimed to determine if an intervention using a fear appeal approach with efficacy during a pandemic can positively affect knowledge, attitude, perception, and/or behavior (KAP) in Georgia with this population. Methods: We delivered online video stimuli tailored to the geocultural characteristics of the target population. designed to stimulate fear, encourage efficacy, and counter mis- and disinformation. It used three routes to affect participants: narrative, direct messaging, and non-message cues. We measured risk aversion and conspiratorial ideation as moderating psychological factors using psychological batteries. Census and voting data were used to identify a convenience sample of 829 Georgia adults in an outer Atlanta suburb. Results: Exposure to the video, moderated by risk aversion, resulted in increased recommended mitigating behavior to prevent COVID-19 (13.7%, 95% CI: 2.7% to 24.7%,) and increased positive attitude toward the recommendations (7.7%, 95% CI: 5.9% to 9.3%). Exposure to the video, moderated by conspiratorial ideation, resulted in an increase in perception of COVID-19 risk (7.6% 95% CI: 1.8% to 13.5%) among participants. Conclusions: An intervention using a fear appeal approach with efficacy during a pandemic can positively affect attitude and risk perception of a politically conservative population. Scaling similar interventions with resistant geocultural populations has promise of increasing adherence to public health recommendations. The moderating factor of conspiratorial ideation is relevant given conspiracies during pandemics, such as COVID-19. This multidisciplinary study contributes to the extant literature by providing insights of populations influenced by contrary political attitudes.

The impact of the growing environment on the aroma of agricultural products such as wine, coffee, or tea has been investigated in detail, leading to the concept of regional identity; however, there have been only limited studies examining regional variation in hops. A systematic investigation of Cascade and Mosaic® hops from the 2020 harvest year grown at 39 different locations in Oregon and Washington was performed using chemical/instrumental and human sensory analyses, which revealed significant between-state and within-state differences for both varieties, suggesting substantial regional and subregional identity effects. A subset of 14 hop samples was selected to produce standardized single-hop beers (IPA) in pilot scale. Sensory evaluation of the beers revealed similar regional-dependent results as observed for the hops with slightly stronger fruity, citrus, and tropical notes but weaker herbal, grassy, and woody notes in the beers compared to hops, suggesting that the regional identity effect was observable in beer.

Recent studies have established significant anatomical and functional connections between visual areas and primary auditory cortex (A1), which may be important for cognitive processes such as communication and spatial perception. These studies have raised two important questions: First, which cell populations in A1 respond to visual input and/or are influenced by visual context? Second, which aspects of sound encoding are affected by visual context? To address these questions, we recorded single-unit activity across cortical layers in awake mice during exposure to auditory and visual stimuli. Neurons responsive to visual stimuli were most prevalent in the deep cortical layers and included both excitatory and inhibitory cells. The overwhelming majority of these neurons also responded to sound, indicating unimodal visual neurons are rare in A1. Other neurons for which sound-evoked responses were modulated by visual context were similarly excitatory or inhibitory but more evenly distributed across cortical layers. These modulatory influences almost exclusively affected sustained sound-evoked firing rate (FR) responses or spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs); transient FR changes at stimulus onset were rarely modified by visual context. Neuron populations with visually modulated STRFs and sustained FR responses were mostly non-overlapping, suggesting spectrotemporal feature selectivity and overall excitability may be differentially sensitive to visual context. The effects of visual modulation were heterogeneous, increasing and decreasing STRF gain in roughly equal proportions of neurons. Our results indicate visual influences are surprisingly common and diversely expressed throughout layers and cell types in A1, affecting nearly one in five neurons overall.

Source code static analysis is widely used for program errors detection. Mostly it is used for finding critical issues like security vulnerabilities, critical program defects leading to runtime errors like crash and unexpected behavior of programs. Many SCSA tools are used for checking code conformance to different coding style guides. In this case study we present results of applying SCSA techniques for checking performance coding rules of Huawei and evaluate whether manually fixing found issues in accordance with the guidelines could impact performance, or if the compiler already applies all necessary optimizations during compilation.

AbstractIn everyday behavior, sensory systems are in constant competition for attentional resources, but the cellular and circuit-level mechanisms of modality-selective attention remain largely uninvestigated. We conducted translaminar recordings in mouse auditory cortex (AC) during an audiovisual (AV) attention shifting task. Attending to sound elements in an AV stream reduced both pre-stimulus and stimulus-evoked spiking activity, primarily in deep layer neurons. Despite reduced spiking, stimulus decoder accuracy was preserved, suggesting improved sound encoding efficiency. Similarly, task-irrelevant probe stimuli during intertrial intervals evoked fewer spikes without impairing stimulus encoding, indicating that these attention influences generalized beyond training stimuli. Importantly, these spiking reductions predicted trial-to-trial behavioral accuracy during auditory attention, but not visual attention. Together, these findings suggest auditory attention facilitates sound discrimination by filtering sound-irrelevant spiking in AC, and that the deepest cortical layers may serve as a hub for integrating extramodal contextual information.