Medical malpractice, which refers to errors or negligence committed by doctors and medical personnel when treating patients. This malpractice can have serious consequences, such as worsening the patient's health condition or even causing death. This act of malpractice has legal consequences, and therefore, it is important to have a clear legal system in the health sector. The research conducted is of a normative juridical nature, using various approaches to understand this problem. The results of the study indicate that the criminal law governing medical malpractice is contained in the Criminal Code, which includes elements of negligence. To increase legal certainty for patients who are harmed, there are special laws, namely Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health and Law No. 36 of 2014 concerning Health Workers, which regulate law enforcement related to malpractice. Overall, this text emphasizes the importance of legal protection for patients and the responsibility of doctors in medical practice.

Article 297 paragraph (1) of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health explains that medical record documents belong to health service facilities. This has legal consequences for hospitals to maintain the security, integrity, and confidentiality of medical records. However, patients still assume they are the owners of the contents of the records, so violations often occur in disclosing medical records which are not by the provisions. In the Indonesian legal system, ownership of property rights, according to Article 499 BW, is known as the term material which includes the meaning of goods and rights that property rights can control. With this background, the research aims to determine the legal aspects of ownership of medical record documents as objects of property rights for hospitals, so that disclosure of information contained in medical record documents is carried out by applicable legal provisions. The approach method used is normative juridical, the research specifications in this study are analytical descriptive. The data collection technique in this research is literature study and the analysis method in the research uses qualitative analysis methods. The research results prove that medical records can be classified as objects or goods (tangible objects). When referring to the grouping of objects, medical records can be categorized as movable objects. Medical records as movable objects can be owned by the party in charge of the property rights so that whoever controls the object is considered the owner as regulated in Article 1977 of the Civil Code.

The access to electronic governmental services is an important element of effective governance, particularly in developing nations such as South Africa, where there are still differences in access and skills to digital technologies. As digital transformation becomes increasingly important for effective governance, it is urgently necessary to develop strategies to ensure that all citizens can access electronic governmental services. This study focused on the development of transformation strategies to enhance access to electronic governmental services in local governments in South Africa. This qualitative research used existing literature and case studies to develop transformation strategies to improve access to digital government services. The paper evaluated how the accessibility of electronic government services affected the responsiveness and effectiveness of the provision of local government services. Moreover, the paper also examined the impact of socio-economic factors on the accessibility of electronic services provided by municipalities in South Africa. This included the assessment of the citizens' perceptions of the use and accessibility of the current electronic government services of the municipalities of South Africa. Finally, although electronic public administration services have great potential to enhance local governance in South Africa, their accessibility depends on a solution to socio-economic imbalances, infrastructure limitations, technological obstacles, and trust issues. The study provided strategies for promoting the access of local government e-government services in South Africa. As a result, the findings of the paper contributed to growing knowledge on e-government tactics to improve service delivery and promote good governance practices in South Africa. Keywords: E-Government Services, E-Government, South African Local government, Accessibility

In the context of Indonesian criminal law, legal subjects extend beyond humans or individuals to include legal entities or corporations. Corporations, as legal entities that can be held accountable for their actions, are subject to a range of legal frameworks, including those outlined in various laws such as Law No. 7 Drt. Year 1955 concerning Investigation, Prosecution and Trial of Economic Crimes, Law No. 31 Year 1999 as amended by Law No. 20 Year 2001 concerning Amendments to Law No. 31 Year 1999 concerning Eradication of Crimes, Law No. 9 Year 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism Financing, Law No. 31 Year 1999 concerning Corruption Eradication, Law No. 41 Year 1999 concerning Forestry and others. Criminalizing corporations differs from criminalizing individuals due to the inherently distinct nature of corporations, which is not subject to the same legal principles as individuals within the criminal law. While certain forms of punishment can be imposed upon people, they are not applicable to corporations; for example, imprisonment and death penalty. Therefore, it is necessary to impose an appropriate form of punishment on corporations in order to achieve the objectives of criminalization. Accordingly, a variety of sanctions exist that are regulated by several different laws, including probation sanctions, equity fines, diversion to alternative sanctions, supplemental sanctions, community service sanctions, the authority of external legal entities, and the requirement to purchase shares.

Corruption in Indonesia Law is almost present throughout the Law of the government, h at the central and regional levels. Although there are various disagreeing parties of corruption classified as extraordinary crimrally argue that corruption in Indonesia can be categorized as an e,xtraordinary crime because it is organized, systemic, a,nd has been looting so that it can negatively impact economic growth, legal enforcement, and national security stability. Therefore, to combat corruption crimes in Indonesia, the government has issued No. 31 of 1999 and No. 20 of 2001 on the eradication of corruption crimes as a legal basis for the eradication of corruption in Indonesia. However, with the issuance of Law No. 19 of 2019 for the amendment of Law No. 30 of 2002 on the Eradication Commission, various legal experts have assessed that corruption crimes in Indonesia can no longer be classified as extraordinary crimes because some of the extraordinary powers that KPK has as the spearhead of corruption eradication in Indonesia have been eliminated

The principle of informed consent requires physicians to communicate with patients before administering medical treatment. The information provided by physicians serves as a guide or consideration for patients when making an informed decision and gives the physician permission to proceed with the medical intervention. The obligation of physicians to communicate effectively has been regulated in Articles 35 and 45 of Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice and further strengthened by the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 290/ Menkes/ Per/ III/ 2008 concerning Approval of Medical Measures. Effective communicationin health care services cannot be exaggerated when it comes to providing medical care. Before the administration of medical treatment, the patient had already been informed of his condition, the probability of recovery, the potential risks associated with treatment and alternative therapy methods to ensure that patients were well informed about the disease and procedures that would be performed by physicians. Efficient communication between patients and healthcare providers is crucial to preventing medical malpractice.

The Internet has the potential to overcome national barriers and facilitate global dissemination of information. Although its benefits are numerous, it also has detrimental consequences that could disrupt society. Engaging in cybercrime is typically required only to create a substantial number of blogs, accounts, applications, programs, and websites on various social and mass media platforms for illicit purposes. Examples of unlawful activities include, but are not limited to, fraud, data theft, unauthorized use of credit cards, distribution of inappropriate content, online gambling, and prostitution, as well as hate speech and extremist or terrorist activities. To address the issue of virtual space crime, the government enacted Law No. 19 of 2016, which amended Law No. 11 of 2008, with respect to information and electronic transactions. However, it is important to recognize that not all people who use the internet have a comprehensive understanding of the legal framework. Consequently, government, employers, and institutions involved in information and communication technology are responsible for educating the public about the law to reduce the incidence of criminal activity in virtual spaces.