What is the role of positive and negative serum samples in the diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), a contagious viral disease caused by Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). BoHV-1, belongs to the family Herpesviridae under newly carvedorder Herpesvirales. BoHV-1 is characterized by relatively large host range, short replication cycle and the ability to induce latent infection mainly, but not exclusively, in neurons. All BoHV-1 strains isolated hitherto belong to one single viral species, and are classified in three subtypes BoHV-1.1, BoHV-1.2a and BoHV-1.2b. Most BoHV-1.1 strains have been isolated from respiratory tract affections or abortion cases and BoHV-1.2 strains from genital organ lesions.IBR causes significant losses due to disease and trading restriction in the cattle industry (OIE, 2010). The first report of BoHV-1 in India was by Mehrotra and co-workers in 1976 and by the adaption of crossbreeding policy to augment the milk production resulted in the unhindered transmission of the virus, which has taken mammoth strides to spread to 31% of Indian cattle in 1996 to 42% in 2012 with an overall prevalence of 36% on cumulative study. Present paper summarises the current status of disease prevalence and relevant measures that should be adopted for control of the IBR with special reference to India.

Bovine alphaherpesviruses, BoAHV, can cause respiratory, genital and neurological disorders. In particular, bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoAHV1) is one of the most significant ruminant pathogens worldwide and it can heavily damage the livestock industry. BoAHV1 can cause infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) along with fertility disorders. Bovine alphaherpesvirus type 2 (BoAHV2) can cause two different conditions as well: pseudo-lumpy skin disease (PSLD) and bovine herpetic mammillitis (BHM). The autonomous province of Bolzano (Italy) has adopted several strategies to control and eradicate IBR, and it was declared in 2000 to be IBR-free by the European Commission. Since 2001, a post-eradication monitoring program has overseen the serological analysis of bulk milk and, in the presence of a positive result, a follow-up examination is performed on the individual blood serum of all bovines older than 24 months that belong to bulk milk-positive herds. Despite the detection of positives in both bulk milk and serum samples, South Tyrol has been declared IBR-free, as these positives have never been confirmed through seroneutralization. Between 2014 and 2022, approximately 41,000 bulk milk (averaging 4300 samples/year) and 3229 serum samples were tested for BoAHV1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-eradication program for IBR with a particular focus on the potential cross-reactivity with BoAHV2; for this reason, serum samples were also tested for BoAHV2 antibodies. This study could be of great importance for those countries that submit herds to an IBR monitoring and eradication program; performing further analyses to confirm and explain false positive outcomes would increase the reliability of the obtained results.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) can be transmitted by livestock seeds and semen, through the process of artificial insemination. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the presence of the Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) in semen through artificial insemination and breeding centers of Indonesia. The current study aimed to detect the presence of the virus in semen as a source of IBR disease transmission in Indonesia. A total of 27 semen samples from artificial insemination and breeding centers (Sembawa, Lembang, Ungaran, and Sleman) in Indonesia have been examined and identified using the real-time PCR (qPCR) technique. The result showed that all samples were negative to BHV1. This indicated that semen from Ungaran, Sembawa, Sleman, and Lembang was safe to be used as a semen source for artificial insemination.

The infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a specific infection, caused by herpes viruses. This disease causes a negative economic impact in cattle production system resultant of the growth retardation of young animals, less dairy production, embryonic and fetal death, and abortion more frequent in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. There is spread of type 1 bovine herpes virus (HVB-1) for all regions of Brazil, reaching high infection rates in herds. This review aimed to point the main aspects of this disease, in order to alert professionals about the importance of performing an effective control and implement prevention programs, preventing the spread of the disease in cattle herds.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly contagious disease of bovines causing respiratory symptoms, abortions, and reduced milk yield, leading to huge economic losses. Reports on seroprevalence in bovines in India are available and restricted to districts/states. In the present study, a nationwide seroprevalence of IBR in bovines was conducted to provide a national IBR seroprevalence to the Chief Veterinarian who in turn can design the control strategies. A total of 15,592 cattle and buffalo serum samples from 25 states and 3 Union Territories viz., Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands were tested for IBR antibodies using Avidin‑Biotin (AB) ELISA. Cumulative seropositivity was found to be 31.37%. Maharashtra and Rajasthan states, part of the west zone of the country, showed the highest and lowest seroprevalence, respectively. A total of 11,423 cattle and 4,169 buffalo serum samples were tested, which showed 33.91% and 24.39% seropositivity, respectively. India has the highest buffalo population. Presently, India no IBR vaccination programs are implemented in India. Considering the high seroprevalence, the authorities should plan control strategies for vaccinating dairy cows and buffaloes in India.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is the major disease caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), an important pathogen of cattle. Being an alphaherpesvirus, the virus establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory nerve ganglia following primary infection. Latent virus can be reactivated by various stressful stimuli, and subsequent re-excretion of the infectious virus maintains infection within a herd. BoHV-1 is important to all cattle farmers because of the range of diseases it can cause and because infection can be a barrier to international trade; therefore, every cattle herd health plan should contain a strategy for its control. A feature of infections caused by the virus is their variability – from severe and fatal to mild and even subclinical – and outcomes are dependent on combinations of viral, host and environmental factors. An accurate diagnosis is crucial and control of disease is feasible given the excellent diagnostic tools, understanding of the biology of the virus and the availability of effective IBR marker vaccines. Eradication of the virus is also possible over a longer period of time. This article describes the virus and the diseases it causes, and then discusses options for diagnosis, vaccination, control and eradication, and possible priorities for further study.

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), is considered to be the most common viral pathogen found in bovine semen and can cause various syndromes like infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), encephalomyelitis, mastitis and affects respiratory, ocular, reproductive, alimentary, integumentary and central nervous systems besides causing neonatal infections. The BHV-1 infection has already been reported by seroprevalence studies in India amongst exotic and crossbred cattle at some organized farms. The current work was designed to study the prevalence of IBR using serological and molecular techniques, respectively in serum and semen samples, collected from different parts of India. IBR antibodies were diagnosed from 1010 serum sample by serum neutralization test and noticed 32.25% seroprevalence with maximum prevalence in Uttar Pradesh and minimum in Himachal Pradesh. Four percentage of semen samples were found positive for BHV-1 virus.

Rapid and precise diagnosis plays a pivotal role in implementing suitable control measures in natural field cases of bovine abortion due to infection with bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1. In the present study, serology, virus isolation, histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of the gene encoding glycoprotein B were applied for diagnosis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cases of abortion. The seroprevalence of IBR in the population studied was 26.3% as determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BHV-1 abortions occurred between 4 and 8 months of gestation with an average gestational age of 6 months. Affected placentae showed necrosis of chorionic villi and of the endothelium of small villous blood vessels with characteristic intranuclear (IN) acidophilic inclusion bodies. Similar inclusions were also seen in most of the tissues examined. BHV-1 antigen was identified immunohistochemically in necrotic foci in the liver, the endothelium of placental blood vessels, the bronchial epithelium and hepatocytes. Lesions in the brain also had IN inclusion bodies that labelled positively by IHC. Eighteen samples (nine of stomach content, two of placental cotyledons, five of pooled fetal tissue and two of vaginal discharge) out of 84 tested were positive by real-time PCR for BHV-1.

BackgroundBovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) is a member of the viral subfamily of Alphaherpesvirinae that infects various species, including cattle, sheep, and goats. The virus causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), which is included in a European list of diseases that may require control and eradication programs. The lack of confirmatory tests affects the validity of diagnostic tools, especially those used for vaccinated herds. In this study, we report the development and validation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on BoHV1 glycoprotein E, which was expressed as a secreted recombinant antigen in a mammalian cell system. The performance of the new rec-gE ELISA was compared with that of commercially available indirect and/or blocking ELISAs.ResultsThe sample set included blood sera from animals from IBR-positive farms, IBR-free farms, and marker-vaccinated farms. The indirect ELISA proposed in this study is based on antibody reactivity against BoHV1 gE, and showed high sensitivity and specificity (98.41 and 99.76 %, respectively).ConclusionsThe ELISA performed well, in terms of both its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and as a confirmatory methodology, and therefore should improve the diagnostic protocols used for IBR surveillance.

Bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle causing a variety of clinical signs, including the upper respiratory tract infection, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, a highly infectious disease of cattle and buffaloes, occurs throughout the world including India. The present study based on micro-serum neutralization test reports the sero-epidemiology of BHV-1 infection in cattle and buffaloes from different parts of India. Serum samples from cattle, bulls, buffalo bulls and yaks were screened for BHV-1 antibodies. A total of 1115 serum samples were screened, and a total of 437 (39.2%) serum samples were found positive and 678 (60.8%) serum samples were found negative. Overall 168 (38.0%) cattle, 17 (85.0%) buffalo, 212 (38.6%) bulls, 8 (13.5%) buffalo bulls and 32 (71.1%) yaks were found positive for BHV-1 antibodies. State wise, Assam had highest seropositivity of 71.1% for yaks, Madhya Pradesh had 68.9% for cattle and Meghalaya was negative for the presence of antibodies to BHV-1 in cattle.