Zooplankton community heterogeneity and trophic interactions in response to environmental drivers in a mesotidal estuary on the Brazilian equatorial margin—Lençóis Maranhenses National Park

Abstract

Abstract This study emphasises the importance of environmental filters in the dynamics of the zooplankton community and the ecological relationships with phytoplankton in three zones of a tropical mesotidal estuary. Thus, sampling was carried out in six different locations strategically positioned along the Preguiças River estuary, with the following objectives: to characterise the abundance of zooplankton and, through this, determine changes in the community's α‐ and β‐diversity indices depending on variables environmental; to define environmental filters that affect the indicator species of ecosystem zones; and to identify the interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton along the estuarine gradient. The zooplankton community contained 80 species, including 14 phyla, with Arthropoda being the most diverse, followed by Ciliophora and Mollusca. The class Copepoda stood out, with Paracalanus crassirostris, Pseudodiaptomus gracilis, and Oithona nana dominating the community. In total, 21 species were selected as indicators, including Temora turbinata in the coastal zone, Rhizodomus tagatzi in the mixing zone, and Moina micrura in the tidal river zone. The environmental heterogeneity showed significant spatial differences, with variations governed mainly by salinity, temperature, and suspended organic matter, which acted as the principal environmental filters. The coastal zone and mixing zone species demonstrated direct ecological relationships with the blooms of the diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Asterionellopsis glacialis, in which the abundance of zooplankton was favoured by their occurrence, denoting top‐down control of the trophic network. For the partitioning of β diversity, the turnover component was responsible for the diversity value due to environmental heterogeneity, which distinguished communities across zones. Our findings represent the first comprehensive investigation into the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and zooplankton within this tropical ecosystem, subject to mesotides. These discoveries are pivotal in identifying environments highly susceptible to degradation (low β diversity) and those acting as dispersal centres (high β diversity), thereby facilitating targeted conservation efforts and more efficient management of estuarine systems. Therefore, our results provide a crucial basis for the sustainable management of similar coastal ecosystems in different parts of the world.