Abstract
The coupled wave theory is applied to calculate the diffraction efficiency of zone plates used in high orders of diffraction. In contradiction to the existing understanding about 30%–50% of the incident intensity can be diffracted by a single high order if the line-to-space ratio of the zone structures is in the range of 0.1–0.5 and the aspect ratios are larger than 30:1. Highly efficient diffractive transmission x-ray optics with high numerical apertures and resolving power can be developed without manufacturing extremely small zones which are necessary for zone plates used in the first order.
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