Abstract
• Morphology and film formation properties of ZnONF have been manipulated via tailoring the pH. • The optimum pH value to produce a ZnONF-based photoanode is determined as 5.4. • Incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) of ZnONF-based photoanode is 39% at 367 nm. • IPCE of ZnONF thin-film electrodes has been improved to 51% at 367 nm by gallium doping. Utilizing sunlight for energy conversion and storage through photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been regarded as one of the most featured ways in renewable energy applications. Herein, zinc oxide nanoflower (ZnONF) thin-film photoelectrodes have been prepared using different pH of the reaction solution. Additionally, gallium doping has been applied on the ZnONF thin-film having the highest performance to enhance the PEC efficiency. Consequently, ∼0.8 mA.cm −2 of photocurrent density generated on ZnONF photoanode has been enhanced to ∼1.3 mA.cm −2 (at 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl), while maximum IPCE% reached to 51% at 367 nm via gallium doping.
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