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Abstract
ZnO has prominent electron transport and optical properties, beneficial for photovoltaic application, but its surface is prone to the formation of defects. To overcome this problem, we deposited nanostructured TiO2 thin film on ZnO nanorods to form a stable shell. ZnO nanorods synthesized by wet-chemistry are single crystals. Three different procedures for deposition of TiO2 were applied. The influence of preparation methods and parameters on the structure, morphology, electrical and optical properties were studied. Nanostructured TiO2 shells show different morphologies dependent on deposition methods: (1) separated nanoparticles (by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in Ar), (2) a layer with nonhomogeneous thickness (by PLD in vacuum or DC reactive magnetron sputtering), and (3) a homogenous thin layer along the nanorods (by chemical deposition). Based on the structural study, we chose the preparation parameters to obtain an anatase structure of the TiO2 shell. Impedance spectroscopy shows pure electron conductivity that was considerably better in all the ZnO@TiO2 than in bare ZnO nanorods or TiO2 layers. The best conductivity among the studied samples and the lowest activation energy was observed for the sample with a chemically deposited TiO2 shell. Higher transparency in the visible part of spectrum was achieved for the sample with a homogenous TiO2 layer along the nanorods, then in the samples with a layer of varying thickness.
Highlights
Zinc oxide has been applied in many fields; including gas sensors, photodiodes, lithium-ion batteries and solar cells
Burstein–Moss measurements that show low(the activation energy. effect) which is consistent with electrical measurements that show relatively low activation energy. Since it is known from literature [6,7,14,15,16,17,18] that ZnO@TiO2 core–shell nanostructures could is known from literature [6,7,14,15,16,17,18] that ZnO@TiO2 core–shell nanostructures could serve serveSince as anitadvantageous electron transport layer in perovskite, polymer, and dye sensitized solar as an advantageous electron transport layer in perovskite, polymer, and dye sensitized solar cells, cells, influence of the morphology and structure on electrical and optical properties, that are crucial influence of the morphology and structure on electrical and optical properties, that are crucial for for photovoltaic application, were studied
ZnO@TiO2 core–shell nanorod arrays were prepared using a two-step process; ZnO nanorods as cores were prepared by a wet chemistry procedure, while TiO2 shells were deposited by three different methods
Summary
Zinc oxide has been applied in many fields; including gas sensors, photodiodes, lithium-ion batteries and solar cells. ZnO in different shapes and in composites is studied for various applications. ZnO in heterostructure with CdS [1,2] and studied its photocatalytic properties. Wu et al [3] prepared ZnO hollow spheres and the hedgehog-like ZnO hollow spheres and studied their use as anodes for lithium-ion batteries, having good rate capacity, cycling performance, and high initial specific capacity. ZnO nanowires have prominent electron transport properties [4], which are beneficial for solar cell application. ZnO is not chemically stable and is prone to dissolution. One way to avoid this fact is to coat a chemically stable shell on ZnO nanowires [5]
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