Abstract
With the intention of achieving growth at moderate temperature, chemical vapour transport using chlorine and carbon as transporting agents is studied for the growth of ZnO crystals. A chemical vapour transport process in which carbon is the essential transport agent is suggested. Crystals of size 1 cm 3 are obtained after 40 days of using a source temperature of 1000°C and a source temperature–growth temperature difference Δ T of ∼30°C. Rocking-curve FWHM in the 30 arcsec range are measured and well-resolved pseudo Kikuchi lines observed on (0 0 0 1) planes by electron scanning microscopy. The residual concentration of chlorine atoms in the crystals is estimated from XPS measurements to be about 0.05%. The electron concentration of the crystals at room temperature reaches values as high as 3×10 19 cm −3. The ionisation energy of the residual donor (chlorine?) in ZnO is found close to 23 meV.
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