Abstract
Titanium is currently the most commonly used material for manufacturing dental implants. However, its potential toxic effects and the gray color have resulted in increasing requests for metal-free treatment options. Zirconia is a type of ceramic materials that has been extensively used in medicine field, such as implant abutments and various joint replacement appliances. Amounts of clinical evaluations have indicated good biocompatibility for zirconia products. Besides, its toothlike color, low affinity for plaque and outstanding mechanical and chemical properties have made it an ideal candidate for dental implants. The aim of this study is to review the laboratory and clinical papers about several kinds of zirconia materials and zirconia surface modification techniques. Although there are plenty of literatures on these topics, most of the researches focused on the mechanical properties of the materials or based on cell and animal experiments. Randomized clinical trials on zirconia materials are still urgently needed to validate their application as dental implants.
Highlights
Over the past few decades, dental implant procedures were applied to support single crowns as well as fixed or removable partial or full dentures
When people started to explore whether ceramic implants are alternative to titanium implants, alumina implants were shortly used as an implant material
It turned out that there was no significant difference between the modified titanium surface and the modified zirconia surface, while the values were significantly higher compared with the machined implant surfaces
Summary
Over the past few decades, dental implant procedures were applied to support single crowns as well as fixed or removable partial or full dentures. Zirconia was first introduced to implant dentistry in the form of coatings to improve osseointegration of the titanium implants [1]. Zirconia Materials and Surface Modifications predictable osseointegration, cell metabolism and positive tissue response, some results were taken out under loaded conditions [6, 7]. The inflammatory response and bone loss induced by zirconia implants are much less than those induced by titanium implants, suggesting the good biocompatibility of zirconia material [8,9,10,11]. The methods on improving zirconia surfaces were reported as preclinical results, most of the surface modification procedures promoted a superior cell response. The purpose of this study is to perform a literature review on different kinds of zirconia for dental implants and surface modification techniques of zirconia implants, analyze their behavior via preclinical evaluations and clinical trials
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