Zingiber officinale driven bioproduction of ZnO nanoparticles and their anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial applications

Abstract

• Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by novel green route using rhizhome extract of Zingiber officinale. • The synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized by UV, XRD, EDX, FTIR, and SEM. • The synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic potential as well as biocompatibility and cytotoxicity were also checked. • The Zinc oxide nanoparticles increases the antimicrobial potential of purchased antibiotic discs up to 1 fold. In the production of nanoparticles that utilizing biological products, bioinspired or green nanotechnology gained significance every single day owing to its ecofriendly and cost-effective nature. In the current study, zinc sulphate salt was used as a source for zinc oxide nanoparticles, ZnO-NPs were stabilized and reduced by bioactive molecules of Zingiber officinale . Further characterization of ZnO-NPs was carried out using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that zinc nanoparticles can be best synthesized at pH 11, temperature 60 °C, metal salt concentration of 2.0 mg, and reaction time of 60 min. From antibacterial bioassay, it was observed that ZnO-NPs enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Vancomycin and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid up to 35.3, 24.1, 10.5, and 11.2% against S. aureus , while 41.4, 31.8, 15.8, and 23.9% against E. coli respectively, comparing with the zones created by antibiotics alone. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs exhibited significant RBCs hemocompatibility and antioxidant activity, and no significant hemolysis were observed at high concentration of NPs. ZnO-NPs showed significant percent inhibition of α-amylase up to 51.12 ± 0.71% at 400 µg/mL, and thus showed antidiabetic potential. In Brine shrimp cytotoxic assay, ZnO-NPs were applied against Artemia salina and the maximum mortality rate of 61 ± 1.6% was observed at concentration of 400 µg/mL. In Anti-inflammatory assay ZnO-NPs inhibited Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 & COX-2) up to 53.11 ± 1.12% and 51.14 ± 1.16% at a concentration of 400 µg/mL respectively. ZnO-NPs showed significant Anti-Alzheimer potential at 400 µg/mL by inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) up to 62.91 ± 1.62% and 60.18 ± 0.21% respectively. It was concluded that Zingiber officinale extract is useful for the reduction and capping of ZnO-NPs. The bioengineered nanoparticles were biocompatible and had the capability of inhibiting Alzheimer’s, diabetes, inflammation, and to enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotics against pathogenic bacterial isolates, therefore by utilizing ZnO-NPs in combination with commercially available antibiotics provides an alternate therapy for the treatment of bacterial infections.