Abstract
To explore the protective activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root ethanol extract (GRE) on the neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in microglial cells. Ginger has been investigated as a neuroprotective and anti-aging agent. Nevertheless, ginger extract attenuates neuroinflammation in microglia have not been discovered in depth. The results showed that GRE had high total phenolic and (55.63 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (4.33 ± 0.17 mg QUE/g), and antioxidant activity. GRE inhibited the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators including COX-2, PGE2, Nitric oxide, interleukin-6, TNF-α, and iNOS. GRE ameliorated microglia-mediated neuronal insults via upregulating the expression of Bax and reducing the expression of Bcl-2. GRE suppressed NF-κB and AKT/STAT3, and the MAPK pathway in the neuroinflammatory response. In conclusions, GRE positively affected anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activity without serious side effects, which might be used as a functional food additive and/or therapeutic material for the management and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
Highlights
Ginger (Zingiber officinale), is the family Zingiberaceae, has been employed as a food, medicine and spice for more than 2000 years (Mao et al, 2019; Shahrajabian et al, 2019)
The polyphenols and flavonoids in plants are highly reactive to free radicals, so determining the content of these compounds in selected plant extracts is indicative of antioxidant activity (Aryal et al, 2019; Chavez-Santiago et al, 2021; Zapata et al, 2021)
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and VC were used as the reference standards, respectively
Summary
Ginger (Zingiber officinale), is the family Zingiberaceae, has been employed as a food, medicine and spice for more than 2000 years (Mao et al, 2019; Shahrajabian et al, 2019). Ginger has been considered safe for use in food processing and medicine (Beristain-Bauza et al, 2019). Ginger has been proven to possess multiple biological activities, including anti‐inflammatory (Lantz et al, 2007), antioxidant (Si et al, 2018; Stoilova et al, 2007), anticancer (Habib et al, 2008), antimicrobial (Sebiomo et al, 2011), neuroprotective (Hussein et al, 2017; Sahardi & Makpol, 2019), cardiovascular protective (Attyah & Ismail, 2012), and anti-obesity activities (Kim et al, 2018). Ginger has been investigated as a neuroprotective and anti-aging agent that protects against inflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative and aging diseases (Sahardi & Makpol, 2019). Ginger has been investigated as a neuroprotective and anti-aging agent that protects against inflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative and aging diseases (Sahardi & Makpol, 2019). 6-Gingerol (6-G), a ginger compound, has been used as an in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective agent in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia neuroinflammation model (Zhang et al, 2018)
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